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ICESW IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Enginee1ri2n3g44516378(920‘1’8“)” 012019 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/413/1/012019 • the conventional means of determining the thermodynamics properties of zeotropes are not sufficiently accurate, • heat transfer coefficients of the designated optimized zeotropes from studies are unreliable if at all available, • heat transfer coefficients of zeotropic mixtures typically get degraded and as a result of relatively lower heat transfer coefficients require bigger evaporator and condenser sizes compared to those of pure fluids, and • composition shift (or separation) and fractionating of the zeotropic mixture during heat transfer compel a limit on the allowable temperature glide which in a way, reduces the deliverable power and first law efficiency of the system. Additionally, composition shift hinders azeotropic mixtures from having stable thermodynamic properties in both the evaporator and condenser. Also, steeper attention must be paid to make the system leak-proof, especially the evaporator and condenser, in order to forestall undesirable composition shift [22]. Comparative study by Liu et al., [23] who investigated the influence reheat on ORC utilizing pure and zeotropic mixtures showed that zeotropic mixtures can commendably improve the net power output and also enhance the enthalpy drop between the turbine intake and exit of a reheat ORC system when the mixture's constituents and component ratio are both appropriate. However, uncertainty about the mixture stability under different working conditions, coupled with all of the above mentioned concerns limit the use and study of zeotropic mixtures [9]. Nonetheless, zeotropic mixtures have demonstrated wide prospective applications in both subcritical and supercritical ORCs [24]. 2.1 Classification and Application of ORC Working Fluids Recent literatures generally classify fluids as wet, isentropic, or dry as shown in Figure 1 below. Dry fluids are high molecular mass organic fluids exhibiting positive slope on the T-s diagram. Wet fluids are low molecular mass organic fluids exhibiting negative slopes on the T-s diagram. Isentropic fluids are generally of medium molecular mass, exhibiting infinite or nearly vertical on the T-s diagram [24 – 26]. Hence, wet fluids normally require superheating [27]. Liu et al., [23] attributed the presence of hydrogen bond in the molecules of some organic working fluids like water, ammonia, and ethanol, as a probable cause of some fluids being wet as a result of larger vaporizing enthalpies which is considered inappropriate for ORC systems. The measure of wetness or dryness of a fluid is measured by the inverse of the slope, defined as ξ = ds/dT. Therefore, the value of ξ > 0 implies a dry fluid, ξ ≈ 0 implies an isentropic fluid and ξ < 0 implies a wet fluid [28]. Figure 1: Dry, wet and isentropic working fluids Isentropic and dry fluids have been widely proposed for subcritical ORC basically to avoid formation of liquid droplet. Nevertheless, if the saturated vapour curve of the dry fluid sharply deflects inwards, the vapor will wastefully exit from the turbine with significant degree of superheat thereby unnecessarily adding to the condenser cooling load. The exiting superheated vapour can however be better utilized for regeneration between the feed pump and the boiler/evaporator to improve the efficiency of the system. 3PDF Image | Working Fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Applications
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