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ICESW IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Enginee1ri2n3g44516378(920‘1’8“)” 012019 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/413/1/012019 the critical point be approached for evaporation to occur of is therefore an advantage. This was afterwards corroborated by Zhang, [26]. Bao & Zhao, [35] held that when using waste heat as the heat source, working fluids having lower latent heats are preferred because the reduced vaporization heat of the organic fluids enables bulk of the heat exchange in the evaporator to result in sensible heat as shown in Figure 3. Fig. 3: Influence of latent heat of vaporization on the irreversibility during heat transfer [35]. Zhang [26] studied the thermodynamic effect of the inflection point of saturated vapour curve for 38 different types of dry and isentropic fluids. He defined the inflection point by a model of near-critical point triangle and investigated performance analysis. The results were in agreement with Borsukiewicz-gozdur & Nowak, [34] by concluding that heptane, cyclohexane, octane, nonane, decane, and dodecane in that they had low latent heats of evaporation at the inflection point to be the suitable working fluids. Furthermore, He et al., [36], proposed organic fluids showing low latent heat but high sensible heat. In the same manner, Liu et al. [23] in He et al., [36] stated that organic fluids found wide applications in waste heat recovery systems because they meet the requirements of low latent heat and high sensible heat. However, the ratio of vapourization latent heat to the sensible heat, described as the vapourization enthalpy ratio, is a close ratio to the thermodynamic index, Jacob Number, which was analytically derived by Mikielewicz & Mikielewicz, [37] by considering twenty pure organic fluids for subcritical and supercritical ORCs. Singh & Pedersen [38] in Bao & Zhao [35] recommended a derivative of the Jacob Number but encompassing condensing and evaporating temperatures, called Figure of merit given as: 0.1 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 0.8 FOM = 𝐽𝑎 (𝑇 ) 𝑑𝑇 and Ja = 𝐶𝑃 𝐻 , (4) 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 where 𝐶𝑃𝑑𝑇 is the vapourization sensible heat and 𝐻𝑣 is the vapourization latent heat. Whereas, Mikielewicz, [39] conducted an appraisal on critical performance indicators of ORC. They introduced an evaluation indicator- the Jacob number, recommended by Mikielewicz and Mikielewicz [37] to set up a modified thermodynamic method and model for ORC and to demonstrate interaction between ORC and Carnot cycle as well as the thermodynamic cycle triangle in order to develop a more convenient and simplified alternative for the complex traditional numerical method. The Jacob number, Ja, represents the ratio of sensible heat capacity to the latent heat capacity of the organic working fluid. The preeminence of this parameter consists in the blend of two key factors influencing cycle performance which are the evaporator and condenser temperatures, as well as organic fluid properties such as specific heat CP and latent heat hfg, simultaneously. Jacob number is given by Ja = Cp(𝑇𝑒−𝑇𝑐). h𝑓𝑔 (5) 𝑣 5PDF Image | Working Fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Applications
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