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1 Definition of a few thermodynamic variables 1.1 Main thermodynamics variables, accessible by measurements : 1. Mass : m [kg] and mass flow rate m ̇ [kg/s] 2. Volume : V m3 and volume flow rate : V ̇ [m3/s] 3. Temperature: T[°C] or T[K] ] 4. Pressure : p [Pa] or p [psi] 1.2 Other variables : 1. Internal energy : U [ j] and internal energy flow rate : 2. Enthalpy : H [ j]=UP⋅V and enthalpy flow rate : 3. Entropy : S [j/K] 4. Helmholtz free energy : A[ j]=U – T⋅S 5. Gibbs free energy : G [ j]=H – T⋅S 1.3 Intensive variables : U ̇ [W] H ̇ [W] The above variables can be expressed per unit of mass. In this document, intensive variable will be written in lower case : v[m3/kg], u[j/kg], h[j/kg], s[j/kg⋅K], a[j/kg], g[j/kg] NB = the specific volume corresponds to the inverse of the density : v [m3/kg]= 1 [kg/m3] The energy state of a fluid can be expressed by its internal energy, but also by it kinetic and its potential 1.4 Total energy : energy. The concept of “total energy” is used : utot =u12⋅C2g⋅z where C is the fluid velocity and z its relative altitude The same definition can be applied to the enthalpy : h tot = h 12⋅C 2 g⋅z 2PDF Image | An introduction to thermodynamics applied to Organic Rankine Cycles
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