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1.5 Thermodynamic process : Several particular thermodynamic processes can be identified : 2 • • • • • isothermal process : at constant temperature, maintained with heat added or removed from a heat source or sink isobaric process : at constant pressure isometric / isochoric process : at constant volume adiabatic process : no heat is added or removed from the working fluid • isentropic process (=reversible adiabatic process) : no heat is added or removed from the working fluid and the entropy is constant isenthalpic process : the enthalpy is constant First law of thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics expresses the conservation of energy : the increase of energy of a system equals the total amount of work provided to the system plus the total amount of heat provided to the system, plus the net enthalpy flow entering/leaving the system. U ̇ tot=∑Q ̇j∑W ̇ j∑H ̇ tot , j jjj Where Q ̇ W ̇ and H ̇ are the heat fluxes, the power and the enthalpy flows provided to the system. The “egoist” convention is used here: any flow directed toward the system is considered as positive, while any flow leaving the system is negative. The use of the enthalpy and not the internal energy for the flows in and out is justified by the suction and discharge works. In an adiabatic system, without work transferred to the system, the conservation of energy would be written : U ̇=U ̇su–U ̇exW ̇suct,disch=U ̇su–U ̇expsu⋅V ̇su– pex⋅V ̇ex=H ̇su–H ̇ex Which justifies the use of the enthalpy. 3 Second law of thermodynamics & definition of the entropy The second law of thermodynamics explicates the phenomenon of irreversibility in thermodynamic processes. It states for example that: Heat generally cannot spontaneously flow from a material at lower temperature to a material at higher temperature. It is impossible to convert heat completely into work. Two gases , when placed in an isolated chamber, will be mixed uniformly throughout the 3PDF Image | An introduction to thermodynamics applied to Organic Rankine Cycles
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