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chamber but will not separate spontaneously once mixed. At the roots of the second law is the Clausius' theorem. This theorem states that, for any reversible cycle (i.e. without irreversibilities), ∫Qrev=0 T 3.1 The Carnot cycle The Clausius theorem can be illustrated with the Carnot cycle : In this cycle, all processes are reversible : 1. Isothermal expansion AB : heat qh is transferred to the system, at a constant temperature 2. Adiabatic expansion BC : no heat transfer, but production of work 3. Isothermal compression CD : heat is rejected by the system at a constant temperature 4. Adiabatic compression DA : no heat transfer, but work is provided to the system Figure 1: PV diagram of the Carnot cycle Applying the first law, the amount of work recovered from the cycle is given by : w=qh−qc The efficiency is then given by : carnot=w=1– qc qh qh This is the maximum efficiency that can be achieved with a given hot source and sink temperatures (see Kelvin & Clausius statements for the demonstration). A corollary of this statement is that purely a function of tc and th . Kelvin proposed a new temperature scale in order to achieve the following relation : qc =tc[K] , where heat transfers are reversible qh th[K] qc is qh Given this new temperature scale (the “Thermodynamic Temperature Scale”, expressed Kelvins), the Carnot efficiency can be expressed by : 4PDF Image | An introduction to thermodynamics applied to Organic Rankine Cycles
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