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In the two phase state, pure fluids (nonazeotropes) evaporate/condense at a constant temperature. On the contrary, mixtures (azeotropes) will evaporate at a sliding temperature, with their composition being modified during the evaporation. In twophase state, the quality (x) corresponds to the mass proportion of the fluid in vapor state compared to the total mass. A quality of 0 corresponds to the liquid line (the fluid starts to evaporate) and a quality of 1 corresponds to the vapor line (the fluid starts to condense). The thermodynamic properties of fluids in the two phase state can be obtained as a linear combination of the saturated liquid (l) and vapor (v) states : u=1–X⋅ulX⋅uv h=1– X⋅hlX⋅hv v=1– X⋅vlX⋅vv s=1– X⋅slX⋅sv The enthalpy needed to evaporate the fluid (i.e. the amount of heat needed for the evaporation of one kg of fluid in an isobaric process) is given by : hvap=hv – hl The internal energy needed to evaporate the fluid (i.e. the amount of heat needed for the evaporation of one kg of fluid in a constant volume) is given by : uvap=uv−ul 6 An example of ideal/real thermodynamic cycle : The organic Rankine cycle. Unlike the traditional steam Rankine cycle, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) uses a high molecular mass organic fluid. It allows heat recovery from low temperature sources such as industrial waste heat, geothermal heat, solar ponds, etc. The low temperature heat is converted into useful work, that can itself be converted into electricity. The working principle of the organic Rankine cycle is the same as that of the Rankine cycle : the working fluid is pumped to a boiler where it is evaporated, passes through a turbine and is finally re condensed. In the ideal cycle, four processes can be identified : 1. Isobaric evaporation (1 – 4). Isobaric means that there is no pressure drop in the heat exchanger. The boiler can be divided into three zones : preheating (12), evaporation (23) and superheating (34). 11PDF Image | An introduction to thermodynamics applied to Organic Rankine Cycles
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