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Within these sectors and industries all relevant waste-heat-producing processes should be searched and analyzed for its ORC applicability. Since this task is far beyond the scope of this young engineer’s project, only examples for cement and die-casting industry are given here. However, all process experts are encouraged to make such analysis within their applications. 3.1. Energy-intensive sectors The energy-intensive sectors have been identified using online databases and available data on primary energy usage per sector and per country, see Figure 4. Primary energy in the form of fossil fuels and renewable sources can be used directly by final consumers (in transports, residential, commercial and industrial sectors) or first converted into secondary energy - electricity or refined fuels - later being used by the final consumers. Figure 4 World energy flows (~490'000 PJ) in 2007 [6] Three sectors have been identified as holding potential for the application of ORC power generation: • The electricity and heat generation sector is the biggest consumer of primary energy (~38% of the world’s total consumption) as well as the biggest emitter of waste energy (almost 50% of the world’s rejected heat). • The industrial sector (30%) closely follows, having the second biggest energy consumption. However the use of energy in the industry is more efficient than in other sectors, which in fine limits the waste heat. • The transportation sector, although being the third biggest consumer of energy (ex-aequo with the residential sector), is the second most important producer of waste heat. This is explained by the low efficiency of engines as well as the reduced load and usage factor of vehicles. The commercial and residential area will not be further considered since the energy is rejected at an unattractive temperature level for ORC applications. In the following a closer look at the industrial sector is given. 3.2. Potential in the industrial sector Figure 5 shows the energy consumption of industries worldwide.PDF Image | Application of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC)
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