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Figure 2 Low temperature application; left: conventional steam cycle with expansion into wet steam regime and potential blade erosion; right: Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) without blade erosion 2. Overview of existing and planned ORC Systems The estimated total power output generated by ORC systems is about 1.3 GWel [1]-[4]. Geothermal applications produce most of the electricity, followed by biomass and heat recovery applications. The percentage of solar thermal and remote power units1 are negligible, see Figure 3 (left). Clustering all the ORC plants in terms of temperature and power ranges shows very few plants in the power range form 1 to 100 kWel, see Figure 3 (right). At temperatures below 250 °C no application could be found. This can be explained by the low thermal efficiency at these temperatures and the high specific investment cost for low power units, which worsens the economical feasibility, see section 4. It will be interesting to quantify the heat potential within this area. If the heat potential at low temperature and power is high, this may justify the promotion of small-scale ORC systems by special incentives. Figure 3 Left: Percentage of the total power output produced by ORC systems for each application type; right: number of ORC systems per power and temperature range; at low temperature and power ORC seems not to be attractive yet 3. Heat Potential Estimation For a successful application of an ORC system the availability of an adequate heat source is crucial. In principal every heat generating process, such as burning fossil fuel, can be taken as heat source for ORC. However, the aim is to improve the energy efficiency and sustainability of new or existing applications with the focus on waste heat and renewable energy sources. With the following approach it has been tried to estimate the heat potential and number of possible ORC systems. First of all, the energy-intensive sectors and industries have been identified. 1 Remote power units are small gas fired ORC systems that provide electricity for telecommunication and control systems at harsh environment and weather conditions (e.g. arctic gas pipeline applications)PDF Image | Application of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC)
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