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Energies 2020, 13, 4014 11 of 18 (a) (b) Figure 10. Cycle thermodynamic efficiency (a) and total efficiency (b) for some mixtures of carbon dioxide (component 1) and refrigerant R1234a (component 2). The compositions are expressed as molar fractions of carbon dioxide. (a) (b) Figure 11. Thermodynamic cycles with (a) pure R134a; (b) a mixture of carbon dioxide (z1 = 0.7) and R134a (z2 = 0.3). Table 4 summarizes the supercritical cycles with pure carbon dioxide, pure R134a and a mixture of carbon dioxide/R134a. The results for steam are also included for comparison. The cycle with pure carbon dioxide at P3 = 250 bar has a total efficiency η of 0.1215; using pure R134a, we obtain a higher value of η of about 23% (0.15) but with a volume flow ratio of about 11.5 (5.8 times greater than that of the carbon dioxide cycle). The size parameter SP for R134a is greater and this, for the turbine design, represents a slight advantage. The isentropic turbine enthalpy drop, in both cases, is not very high (probably one axial turbine stage could be adequate) and the corresponding isentropic powers fo the turbines are about 10 MW in both cases. The steam has a good performance (η = 0.15), but compared to R134a and pure carbon dioxide, it results in a rather complex turbine: the expansion has to be divided into two groups (high-pressure (HP) and low-pressure (LP)), with a total volume flow ratio (VFR) of about 68 and a rather low total power of about 7 MW. For this power size, the assumed efficiencies of the steam turbomachinery (0.85 for the turbine and 0.8 for the pump, see Table 1) are probably too optimistic. Furthermore, the high isentropic enthalpy drops require more stages (roughly 6–10 axial stages). These drawbacks negatively impact the steam cycle in the considered case. The selected mixture represents a good compromise between the simple cycle with carbon dioxide and the cycle with pure R134a, with good thermodynamic efficiency, a rather small turbine enthalpy drop and a reasonable volume flow ratio. Moreover, the relatively low fraction of refrigerant in the mixture (30%) has the advantages of increasing the total efficiency with respect to the pure carbon dioxide cycle, with lower operatingPDF Image | CO2 Mixtures as Working Fluid for High-Temperature Heat Recovery
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