PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 012
Energies 2020, 13, 4014 12 of 18 pressures and, at the same time, with a limited quantity of refrigerant, which is an expensive fluid with a relatively high GWP. A direct comparison with other literature results is difficult as comprehensive thermodynamic analyses of mixtures of carbon dioxide for the particular case here considered are not available. Furthermore, different authors assume different parameters and different cycle configurations, according to the specific application and to their particular sensitivity to the design parameters. Nevertheless, in [15], extensive results for recuperative carbon dioxide cycles with different layouts are presented, and for the more elaborate cycle configuration considered (an inter-cooled cycle with a dual split and a dual expansion), at a maximum cycle temperature of 400 ◦C, a total efficiency η of about 0.17–0.18 is reported. In [48], for example, with reference to a glass furnace, a total efficiency η of about 20% for a recovery organic Rankine engine is reported, but the authors assume a minimum cooling temperature for the flue gas equal to 180 ◦C. Obviously, other fluids can be considered as dopants for carbon dioxide (for example, hydrocarbons, some of the new available refrigerants or some of the new technical fluids that are commercially available). In any case, the thermodynamic evaluations require the use of suitable equations of state and, in general, the knowledge of the so-called binary interaction parameters. In the case of the well known Peng–Robinson equation of state, for example, the binary interaction parameters of a mixture ki,j are correlated to the intermolecular interactions between the different molecule pairs of the different molecules composing the mixture. For a mixture of two components, only one binary interaction parameter is necessary, typically identified by the symbol k1,2. The correct value of k1,2 is usually calculated by a regression of the experimental VLE. Then, the coefficient amix bmix of the equation of state for the specific mixture can be defined, for example, by the well known classical van der Waals formulation [47,49] (p. 423): amix = z21a1 + z1z2a1,2 + z2a2 (2) bmix = z1b1+z2b2 (3) where ai and bi are the parameters for the pure components and a1,2 = √a1a2 (1 − k1,2) (4) √ In Figure 12, for 19 different mixtures of carbon dioxide, the values of the parameter a1,2 = a2 (1 − k1,2) are reported as a function of a2. The coefficient a2 is the specific coefficient relative to the second compound of the mixture according the van der Waals equation of state (with a1, the constant coefficient for carbon dioxide) [50]: 27 τ2 a2 = c,2 (5) 64 Pc,2 τc,2 = kBTc,2 (6) kB = NR (7) A where, NA is the Avogadro number, R = 8.3143 J mol−1 K−1 is the gas constant and Tc and Pc are the critical temperature and the critical pressure, respectively. The correlation in Figure 12 can be used for a first estimation of the binary coefficient parameter k1,2 (the Peng–Robinson binary interaction parameter) for binary mixtures of carbon dioxide in case no experimental VLE data are available, thus allowing preliminary calculations of the performances of thermodynamic cycles. Nonetheless, experimental VLE values are obviously preferable.PDF Image | CO2 Mixtures as Working Fluid for High-Temperature Heat Recovery
PDF Search Title:
CO2 Mixtures as Working Fluid for High-Temperature Heat RecoveryOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-13-04014.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |