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1.0 Introduction In April 2007, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Combined Heat and Power Partnership (CHPP) released its first report identifying the opportunities for and benefits of combined heat and power (CHP) at wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs).6 The primary purpose of the 2007 report was to provide basic information for assessing the potential technical fit for CHP at certain WWTFs―specifically, those with influent flow rates greater than 5 million gallons per day (MGD) that have anaerobic digesters. The 2007 report showed that these larger facilities produce enough biogas from anaerobic digestion, based on typical practices, to fuel a CHP system. The report also provided basic information on the cost to generate power and heat at WWTFs with CHP. Since the release of the 2007 report, CHPP Partners and other stakeholders have expressed increased interest in CHP at WWTFs and several additional reports on CHP at WWTFs have been released.7 This updated report has been prepared in response to the increased interest. The primary purposes of this update (which is intended to replace the 2007 report) are to: • Expand the evaluation of technical and economic potential for CHP to include smaller WWTFs with influent flow rates of 1 to 5 MGD. • Present operational observations obtained through interviews with WWTF operators who have employed CHP. The updated report is intended to be used by CHP project developers; WWTF operators; federal, state, and local government policymakers; and other parties who are interested in exploring the opportunities, benefits, and challenges of CHP at WWTFs. The report is organized accordingly: • Section 2 provides an overview of CHP and its benefits at WWTFs. • Section 3 describes the existing CHP capacity at WWTFs and the potential market for additional CHP at WWTFs. • Section 4 analyzes the technical and economic potential for CHP at WWTFs, presenting analyses of electric and thermal energy generation potential at WWTFs, as well as cost to-generate estimates under three digester gas utilization cases. • Section 5 presents first-hand observations gathered through interviews of WWTF operators regarding the benefits and challenges of CHP development and operation. • Appendix A lists the data sources and types of data used in the analysis. • Appendix B provides anaerobic digester design criteria used in the technical potential analysis. • Appendix C presents analysis of the space heating capability of CHP at WWTFs. 6 The 2007 report was titled, “The Opportunities for and Benefits of Combined Heat and Power at Wastewater Treatment Facilities.” 7 Recent reports pertaining to CHP at WWTFs include: • Brown & Caldwell, “Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Facilities,” December 2010. Available at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/publications.cfm. • Association of State Energy Research & Technology Transfer Institutions, “Strategic CHP Deployment Assistance for Wastewater Treatment Facilities,” October 2009. Available at: http://www.asertti.org/wastewater/index.html. • California Energy Commission, “Combined Heat and Power Potential at California’s Wastewater Treatment Plants,” September 2009. Available at: http://www.energy.ca.gov/2009publications/CEC-200 2009-014/CEC-200-2009-014-SF.PDF. 1PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power at Wastewater Treatment Facilities
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