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of the modeled systems (304 kilowatts [kW]) due to its high electric efficiency. In many cases, however, the use of fuel cells at WWTFs is limited because of their high cost and challenges associated with pre-treating biogas before it can be used in a fuel cell. The two most commonly used CHP prime movers at WWTFs—reciprocating engines and microturbines— have electric capacities of 187 to 234 kW and produce 17 to 28 MMBtu of thermal energy based on a flow rate of 9.1 MGD. Table 6: Electric and Thermal Energy Potential with CHP for Typically Sized Digester No CHP System Reciprocating Engine CHP/ RichBurn Reciprocating Engine CHP/ LeanBurn Microturbine CHP Fuel Cell CHP Total WWTF Flow (MGD) Heat Requirement for Sludge (Btu/day) Wall Heat Transfer (Btu/day) Floor Heat Transfer (Btu/day) Roof Heat Transfer (Btu/day) Total Digester Heat Load (Btu/day) Fuel Required for Digester Heat Load* (Btu/day) (HHV) Energy Potential of Gas (Btu/day) (HHV) % of Gas Used for Digester Heat Load (Btu/day) Excess Digester Gas** (Btu/day) Electric Efficiency (HHV) PowertoHeat Ratio Total CHP Efficiency (HHV) Electric Production (Btu/day) Electric Production (kW) Heat Recovery (Btu/day) Digester Heat Load (Btu/day) Additional Heat Available*** (Btu/day) 9.1 6,693,375 591,725 1,109,484 741,013 9,135,597 11,419,496 58,901,700 19.4% 47,482,204 9.1 6,693,375 591,725 1,109,484 741,013 9,135,597 58,901,700 29.1% 0.62 76% 17,140,395 209 27,645,798 9,135,597 18,510,201 9.1 9.1 9.1 6,693,375 6,693,375 6,693,375 591,725 591,725 591,725 1,109,484 1,109,484 1,109,484 741,013 741,013 741,013 9,135,597 9,135,597 9,135,597 58,901,700 32.6% 0.86 71% 19,201,954 234 22,327,854 9,135,597 13,192,257 58,901,700 26.0% 0.88 56% 15,314,442 187 17,402,775 9,135,597 8,267,178 58,901,700 42.3% 1.26 76% 24,915,419 304 19,774,142 9,135,597 10,638,545 Note: Analysis assumes 50 percent summer and 50 percent winter digester operation. *Assumes 80 percent efficient boiler. **Assumes no other uses except boiler. ***Available for nondigester heating uses at the facility (e.g., space heating, hot water). Based on the modeled CHP systems and 9.1 MGD, the analysis developed an engineering rule of thumb for assessing CHP potential. The analysis shows that 1 MGD of influent flow equates to 26 kW of electric capacity and 2.4 MMBtu/day of thermal energy potential. To develop a relationship between influent flow rate (i.e., MGD) and CHP capacity, the analysis takes the average outputs of the four prime movers, yielding the result that an influent flow rate of 9.1 MGD produces 234 kW of electric capacity and approximately 22 MMBtu/day of thermal energy output. The analysis scaled this result to a per MGD basis to provide a simple relationship between influent flow and CHP capacity that WWTF operators can use to approximate a CHP system size at their facilities. 11PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power at Wastewater Treatment Facilities
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