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4.2.1 Methodology To determine the economic potential for CHP at WWTFs, the analysis developed estimates of the cost to generate electricity on site using digester gas for three digester gas utilization cases. The following assumptions were used to develop cost-to-generate estimates: • Digester gas utilization cases. Three cases of different uses of digester gas were considered in order to evaluate the thermal credit associated with CHP.23 (The thermal credit represents the avoided fuel costs achieved through CHP heat recovery on a per kWh basis.) o Case 1: Assumes digester gas is used for both digester heating and space heating prior to CHP implementation. o Case 2: Assumes digester gas is used for digester heating only prior to CHP implementation and natural gas is used for space heating. o Case 3: Assumes digester gas is not used for heating, and natural gas is used for digester and space heating prior to CHP implementation. Research conducted for this analysis indicates that Case 2 is the most frequent practice prior to CHP implementation.24,25,26 It is much less common to use digester gas to meet both digester and space heating needs, or to not use it at all. The cost-to-generate analysis evaluates all three cases, however, to provide a comprehensive examination of all possible digester gas utilization options and the benefits of using CHP thermal output. • Thermal credit. For all thermal credits, the analysis uses the 2010 national average industrial gas price of $5.40 per thousand cubic feet.27 • WWTF plant size. The plant sizes selected for the analysis are representative of the range of facility sizes that are applying CHP. • CHP prime mover. The CHP prime movers chosen for analysis are consistent with those currently used at WWTFs (see Table 2, Section 3.1). Systems are assumed to be available 95 percent of the time, with 5 percent downtime for maintenance and repairs. For systems using combustion turbines, however, availability is estimated at 98 percent, based on Solar Turbines data. • CHP prime mover size. CHP prime mover size is based on the relationship between wastewater influent flow and CHP electric capacity as derived in the technical potential analysis (see Section 4.1), which shows that 1 MGD of flow can produce 26 kW of electric capacity in a CHP system. 23 The CHPP’s 2007 report evaluated these same three cases, with Case 3 providing the highest thermal value because the CHP thermal output displaces natural gas purchases, and Case 1 providing the lowest thermal value because the CHP thermal output does not displace any purchased fuel. 24 Fishman, Bullard, Vogt and Lundin, “Beneficial Use of Digester Gas – Seasonal and Lifecycle Cost Considerations,” 2009. 25 Brown and Caldwell (prepared for Town of Fairhaven, Massachusetts, Board of Public Works), “Anaerobic Digestion and Combined Heat and Power Feasibility Study,” December 19, 2008. 26 SEA Consultants, “City of Pittsfield Feasibility Study, Wastewater Treatment Plant,” April 2008. 27 Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-857, “Monthly Report of Natural Gas Purchases and Deliveries to Consumers,” Washington, D.C. 14PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power at Wastewater Treatment Facilities
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