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digester heating requirements are met. The estimates of surplus thermal output for space heating were taken into consideration when developing the value of the thermal credit used in the cost to-generate analysis. The analysis revealed that a substantial amount of surplus heat for space heating is available only in warm and hot climates, where demand for space heating is minimal, except in cold winter months. In these warm and hot climates, up to 25 percent of the CHP thermal output is available for space heating. In cold climates, where more energy is required to heat the digester, surplus thermal energy for space heating is generally not available. In these cooler climates, the analysis estimated that less than 10 percent of the CHP thermal output is available, and in many cases there is none left for space heating. While the data suggest that surplus heat may not be available in colder climates after the digester heating needs have been met, some facilities in these climates do in fact have surplus heating. For example, one of the WWTFs interviewed by the CHPP, the town of Lewiston, NY (see Section 5), has enough thermal output to heat one building in the summer and to meet 95 percent of that building’s winter heating requirement. This discrepancy between estimated and realized thermal surplus can be attributed to a number of factors: • Digester heating requirements depend on many different factors, and design and construction of the digester can influence the heat loss due to factors such as insulation. • Certain methods for increasing digester gas production can allow for a larger CHP system and more surplus thermal output for space heating. These methods include mixing of the contents of the digester tank, or incorporating fats, oils, and greases (FOG) into the digester. • WWTFs can also increase the size of the CHP system and incorporate natural gas in their fuel usage to increase the amount of CHP thermal output available for space heating. Further details about the analysis of space heating capability of CHP can be found in Appendix C. 4.2.3 Estimated Cost to Generate Electricity This subsection presents estimates of the cost to generate electricity with CHP using digester gas for each of the three digester gas utilization cases. The cost-to-generate calculation involves calculating the investment cost (CHP system and gas pretreatment equipment) on a per-kWh generated basis; adding in maintenance costs; and applying a thermal credit, as appropriate, to derive the full cost per kWh to own and operate a CHP system. WWTF operators can compare the cost-to-generate estimates to the current retail electric rate that they pay to help them evaluate if a more detailed analysis of CHP makes sense for their facility. Based on the results of the analysis, the following observations can be made: • The cost to generate electricity using CHP at WWTFs ranges from 1.1 to 8.3 cents per kWh depending on the CHP prime mover and other factors. Current retail electric rates range from 3.9 to more than 21 cents per kWh, so CHP can have clear economic benefits for WWTFs. • Cost to generate tends to decrease as the prime mover increases in size. 18PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power at Wastewater Treatment Facilities
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