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Energies 2021, 14, 410 2 of 15 generation systems [3]. Organic Rankine cycles (ORC) are a potential way to harness in- dustrial waste to abate environmental issues. The simple construction, low operational cost, great flexibility, and relatively higher waste-heat recovery efficiency of ORC make them an obvious choice for power production from low-grade heat energy sources [4]. A wide range of heat sources can be applied to ORC systems, such as waste heat from in- dustrial processes, from the condenser of a steam power plant, from the heat sink of su- percritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle, solar radiation, as well as geothermal energy. Various studies are available in the literature that has used the ORC unit to recover low to medium temperature waste heat. Koç [5] proposed a cogeneration system that was able to recover 30% waste heat using ethanol working fluid for the ORC unit. While consuming a low grade-heat source, the efficiency and capital cost of each pro- posed combined system further depends on employed working fluid. The temperature profile of organic fluid in the receiver heat exchanger has a significant effect on system performance [6]. Because of irreversibility losses in the practical application of combined power and refrigeration cycles, it is not possible to all the available waste heat energy into useful work. The thermodynamic performance of the power cycles can also be improved by using a binary mixture of fluids [7] or zeotropic mixtures [8]. A thorough investigation of ORC for increased efficiency of converting low-grade heat to useful work was con- ducted by Hung et al. [9] by categorizing working fluids into wet, dry, and isentropic fluids. Jeong and Kang [10] developed a novel refrigeration cycle driven from a refrigerant steam turbine. The developed model has a simple mechanical system, and thermody- namic analysis was performed using R123, R134a, and R245ca. The study revealed that with the proposed configuration R245ca was the most promising refrigerant. To further improve the performance of ORC, some new combined systems have been proposed by researchers [11], such as; combining ORC with absorption refrigeration cycle [12], Rankine and ejector–absorption refrigeration cycle [13] ORC, and vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCC) [14]. In absorption refrigeration configuration, absorption con- densation is used instead of the conventional condensation process. But it involves addi- tional challenges such as toxicity of working fluid-ammonia and corrosion. For ejector refrigeration, the irreversibility losses of the system increased while the heat addition pro- cess and highest exergy losses occur in the ejector. Khaliq et al. [15] presented an improved performance of the system by limiting turbine inlet and backpressure. Riaz et al. [16] per- formed a detailed parametric analysis of a low-grade waste-heat driven ejector refrigera- tion system. The computed results showed that for the optimum design of the ejector re- frigeration system, the generator pressure increases linearly with heat source temperature. A simulation study for alternative refrigeration cycles by Aneke et al. [17] showed that the ORC driven VCC system provided a better coefficient of performance and second law efficiency. The ORC-Vapor compression refrigeration system is advantageous for its sim- ple components and easier compatibility with ORC. Also, the direct coupling of the ORC- turbine and VCC-compressor contributes to reduced mechanical energy losses [10]. This combined power and refrigeration system is an efficient way to fulfill the thermo-mechan- ically activated refrigeration system. The selection of working fluid is of critical importance for efficient power production from ORC. Thermodynamic properties of working fluid influence the thermal efficiency, Wang et al. [18] presented a theoretical model for their study based on an ideal ORC. Demierre et al. [19] presented an experimental investigation of a vapor compression heat pump cycle coupled to an ORC using a single-stage centrifugal compressor that was di- rectly derived from the turbine, which produced a 40 kW heating capacity. In a recent study by Bao et al. [20], they compared single and dual fluid system configurations of ORC-VCC systems. Using geothermal water of 140 °C, they studied the flash tank vapor injection cycle which is coupled with ORC with different working fluids. Kim and Blanco [21] performed the evaluation of an ORC-VCC system for eight working fluids using effi- ciencies and size parameters. Aphornratana and Sriveerakal [22] investigated an ORC- VCC system sharing a single working fluid through a common condenser coupled usingPDF Image | Combined Power and Refrigeration System for Low-Grade Heat
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