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Energies 2021, 14, 410 3 of 15 a single piston expander-compressor unit. Under the examined parameters of their study, R22 showed the best performance from the prospective of the coefficient of performance (COP). Liang et al. [23] proposed a waste-heat driven, from internal combustion engine exhaust, cooling configuration based on ORC-VCC coupled configuration. Ochoa et al. [24] made a thermoeconomic study for the waste-heat recovery from a gas engine using different working fluids. Li et al. [25] studied the single fluid ORC-VCC system suing several hydrocarbons for the boiler temperature range of 60–90 °C. A transcritical ORC- VCC system using waste heat of engine exhaust was investigated by Yilmaz [26]. Wet (R134a) and dry (R245fa) refrigerant were used for different engine loads with the conclu- sion that desired cooling was achievable even with 50% engine load. Possible working fluids for the ORC-VCC system are countless. For optimum energy efficiency of the sys- tem, the working fluid should have low global warming potential (GWP), along with good system performance. Therefore, the selection of working fluid for a given heat source tem- perature range in ORC requires extensive analysis. With this background, the present exercise is taken with the specific objective of car- rying out system analysis for overall system improvement. The refrigeration cycle is mod- eled to provide air at −16 °C temperature in accordance with the low-temperature require- ment for food preservation applications to avoid microbial activity. In this work, a ther- mally activated ORC serving as a prime mover for VCC using various combinations of working fluids was analyzed. The desired cooling temperature and correspondingly needed compressor worked in VCC serve as the input parameters to compute the mass flow rate and heat needed in the vapor generator of ORC. Since the normal boiling point of most of the organic working fluids was lesser than that of water, the studied system can easily be integrated with low temperature heat sources such as waste heat from fish- ing boats and industrial processes, biomass combustion, geothermal, and solar. The sys- tem has been evaluated theoretically using a mathematical model developed in MATLAB. Combining power generation and refrigeration improves the system coefficient of perfor- mance with the proper selection of working fluids. 2. System Configuration Description Figure 1 shows the schematic of the organic Rankine cycle coupled to a vapor com- pression refrigeration cycle. The working fluid in the ORC at state point 1 (in superheated form), after gaining heat from the vapor generator, expands in the expander to generate electric energy as well as to run the compressor of the refrigeration cycle. At state point 2, working fluid enters the condenser to reject the heat to the heat sink and changes its phase from vapor to liquid. After that, the working fluid enters the pump as liquid (state point 3) and is compressed from low pressure P3 to high pressure P4. This high pressure work- ing fluid reaches the vapor generator at state point 4 and receives heat from the heat en- ergy source, approaches the system at state point 9, and leaves the system at state point 10 after rejecting heat in the vapor generator of the ORC system. The coupled VCC system utilizes a different working fluid. From the expander of the ORC, the compressor of the refrigeration cycle gains power. Refrigeration fluid enters the compressor at state point 5, where it is compressed to meet the pressure P6 (state point 6) before entering the conden- ser and rejects the heat to the environment. At state point 7, the working fluid undergoes isenthalpic expansion in the expansion device. The air from the desired cooling area enters the evaporator at state point 11. Refrigeration fluid entering the evaporator in liquid form (at state point 8) absorbs the heat of this incoming air and changes its phase from liquid to vapor. The cooled air leaves the evaporator of the VCC cycle at state point 12.PDF Image | Combined Power and Refrigeration System for Low-Grade Heat
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