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Energies 2021, 14, 410 7 of 15 Working Fluid Molar Mass (kg/kmol) Critical Temperature (°C) 183.68 101.06 154.01 101.75 109.36 94.70 96.74 Critical Pressure (MPa) ODP GWP 3.66 0.012 76 4.06 0 1430 3.651 0 820 29.25 0 322 3.64 0 6 3.38 0 4 42.512 0 3.3 3.80 0 20 3.3. Selection of Working Fluids The performance of the standalone or combined ORC configurations is strongly in- fluenced by the selection of working fluids. ORC working fluids are categorized as dry, wet, and isentropic fluids. This categorization is based on the slope of the saturation vapor line on the TS-diagram for the respective working fluid. A positive, negative, and ex- tremely broad slope represents dry, wet, and isentropic fluid, respectively. With the pre- sent ids; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. cycle architect, following criteria [29] was observed while selecting the working flu- Operational range of thermodynamic and physical properties. Chemical stability and compatibility with materials in contact. Favorable transport properties, such as low viscosity and high thermal conductivity, that influence heat transfer. Economic viability and environmental impacts; including ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP). Safety; the fluid should be non-toxic and non-explosive. The working fluid candidates considered for the present study are enlisted in Table 1. They will further be scrutinized for their efficiency, lower mass flow rate, and heat input requirements. Table 1. Thermophysical properties of the working fluids. R123 R134a R245fa R227ea R1234ze R1234yf Propane Butane 58.13 151.98 152.93 102.03 134.05 170.03 114.04 114.04 44.096 4. Results Analysis and Discussion From the computer code developed in the MATLAB environment linked to REFPROP for working fluid propertied calculations, the studied system was analyzed for different combinations of working fluids. The combined system's performance was deter- mined by calculating the efficiency and coefficient of performance for each set of working fluids. The computed results are presented in this section. 4.1. Performance Analysis of the VCC Using the energy balance equations mentioned in Section 3, the refrigeration cycle was first analyzed for a set of working fluids stated in Table 1 to achieve the desired cool- ing temperature in the VCC cycle. For a standalone VCC system, the desirable character- istics are to achieve a lower pressure ratio across the compressor along with a high value of the coefficient of performance. Therefore, cycle simulations have been performed for each working fluid for 34 °C, 36 °C, 38 °C, and 40 °C condenser temperature. The custom- ized REFPROP function coupled with the MATLAB program enables easier thermody- namic property calculations at each state point of the cycle. Figure 4 presents the required compressor work computed for each working fluid. The compressor work varies as the enthalpy difference across this component changes for each working fluid, which further depends on the thermophysical properties of the refrigeration fluid. It can be seen in Fig- ure 4 that the minimum required work happened when R227ea working fluid was used,PDF Image | Combined Power and Refrigeration System for Low-Grade Heat
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