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Combined Power Generation System Based on HT-PEMFC and ORC

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Combined Power Generation System Based on HT-PEMFC and ORC ( combined-power-generation-system-based-ht-pemfc-and-orc )

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Energies 2020, 13, 6163 2 of 18 generation) and a cogeneration system capable of utilizing waste heat is being done. Unlike engine or boiler-based power generation systems that generate power through a combustion process that uses fossil fuels to produce thermal energy and emission, hydrogen fuel cell systems is an eco-friendly power generator of electricity, thermal energy, and water through the chemical bonding process of hydrogen and oxygen. The Solid Oxide Fuel cell (SOFC) based micro-cogenerative power system is being actively researched, and modeling research for predicting appropriate operating conditions is being considered for important research project purposes. Arpino et al. investigated the factors that influence the measurement uncertainty for combined heat and power design using SOFC [1]. In addition, they studied the correlation between the 0D model of those SOFC-based systems and the collected data. Additionally, an effective thermal management strategy through fuel utilization adjustments was presented for optimizing cogenerative power system operation [2]. Duhn et al. conducted an analytical study of the cooling plate design to improve operational efficiency by ensuring the pressure drop uniformity of the gas distributor of the SOFC system [3]. As described above, in a fuel cell-based power generation system having a high operating temperature, optimum control of the working fluid is important in addition to proper operating temperature and pressure drop formation in order to improve the efficiency and performance of the system. In the case of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC), there is an advantage in that it can utilize waste heat at a relatively high temperature (150 ◦C or higher) with highly efficient power generation. In order to secure the power efficiency and reliability of such HT-PEMFC, a thermal management system is essential to maintain a high operating temperature [4,5]. As the operating temperature of the stack must be kept constant, the stack coolant must be used within a controlled temperature. Consequently, a thorough examination of the appropriate operating range of waste heat utilization (heat exchange) reflecting the respective stack thermal management and system control thereto, should be performed for the optimal design of cogeneration using HT-PEMFC and waste heat recovery [6,7]. Among the fuel cells, the PEMFC exhibits a relatively high power density and power efficiency, and it can minimize noise and residual emissions. It is divided into Low Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (LT-PEMFC) with an operating temperature of 60 to 80 ◦C and HT-PEMFC with an operating temperature of 100 ◦C or more. The power efficiency of HT-PEMFC appears to be approximately 45 to 60% [8]. Currently, research is being carried out on the cogeneration system suitable for each operation characteristic of each PEMFC type [9]. The advantage of HT-PEMFC is the simplification of the water management device configuration due to the high operating temperature as well as the generation of highly useful waste heat. Specifically, if the liquid cooling system is applied to HT-PEMFC thermal management with an operating temperature of 100 ◦C or higher, waste heat exchange with higher utilization is possible, which is advantageous for cogeneration and trigeneration systems [10]. Najafi et al. compared the performance and efficiency of the HT-PEMFC trigeneration system according to operation strategies during a certain operating period while the research team carried out a study on a trigeneration system to which both LT-PEMFC and HT-PEMFC were applied. Furthermore, research on warm-up strategies to quickly increase the stack operating temperature when the HT-PEMFC starts up was conducted [11]. Thus, based on the previous studies, it seems that the HT-PEMFC-based cooling and heating system can be selectively applied according to the operation strategy and subject. It is important to secure the performance and efficiency of the waste heat recovery system in order to expand the subjects for application and functionality of the combined power generation system using such HT-PEMFC. This is one of the most important factors in selecting a target building and power system to secure electric energy with high utilization at a certain level depending on the operating environment [12,13]. Therefore, today, active research on Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system using stack waste heat energy in addition to fuel cell systems is being done [14]. Dickes’ research team experimentally examined the temperature distribution of the working fluid for power

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