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Carnot efficiency of a cycle is the theoretical maximum efficiency for a thermodynamic cycle. developed at the University to study the possibility of modifying a turbocharger turbine for use with an ORC system. 4.1.1 Scroll Expander Positive displacement turbo-machines, such as scroll expanders, are suitable choices for small-scale ORC systems. They are readily available for 1-30 kW applications, with minimal control systems and high volumetric expansion ratios. A scroll expander uses the expansion of a vapour pocket through two concentric scrolls to produce shaft rotation, as shown in Figure 6. It has a fixed volumetric ratio with two involutes curves orientated in different directions and 180° out of phase. One scroll is fixed while the other scroll orbits. High pressure fluid enters the suction port in Figure 6.1 and expands steadily in the sequence shown in Figure 6.2 to Figure 6.5. The expansion ends when the fluid is discharged at low pressure and temperature as shown in Figure 6.6. ( 2) For the operating conditions proposed the cycle Carnot efficiency is 10.1%, meaning that a cycle efficiency of 5.7% is can be considered satisfactory for testing purposes. Thermodynamic efficiency is often used as a benchmark for ORC system design, but is not the only consideration. Maintenance, ease of manufacture, capital expense and environmental impact all need to be considered when optimizing the system design. These considerations were balanced with thermal efficiency throughout the design process and resulted in the design efficiency of 5.7%. 3. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS Once the conceptual design is completed a feasibility analysis is necessary to evaluate whether it is worthwhile continuing the project. This analysis should consider the impact of installing an ORC system on the resource it is utilizing, as well as if it is financially viable or profitable to do so. The ORC-B system is required for test purposes only and does not need to be a profitable venture. The feasibility study considered: available space, cost considerations, availability of components and applicability for research into small ORC test beds. These considerations were combined with the knowledge gained from the ORC-A test bed and it was determined that this project would be feasible. 4. DETAILED DESIGN The detailed design considers the conceptual design in greater detail and investigates how each component fits into the system. The design process requires numerous iterations as each component effects the overall behavior of the system, and therefore the operating conditions of the other components. In a large ORC system components would be either fabricated or sized under the assumption that such components are available. With the small scale of this unit it is more practical to research available components that can be used outside their nominal design conditions or can be modified to meet the requirements. This meant that component research was carried out throughout the design process 4.1 Turbine The system turbine is typically the most costly component in an ORC system as it needs to be precision engineered. The turbine is the most vital element in an ORC system as it allows fluid energy to be extracted via an expansion process. The energy is converted to mechanical shaft energy which is finally converted into electricity by an electrical generator. The turbine needs to be selected carefully to maintain optimum system efficiency and should be specifically designed for the available resource when possible. The ORC-B only requires a small 1 kW turbine. Turbines that meet the requirements of our proposed system design are not commonly manufactured. As an interim measure a turbo expander was purchased from Air-Squared in the USA. Meanwhile a customized radial turbine is being Figure 6 - Expansion through a scroll expander (Oralli, 2010) Scroll expanders serve adequately but with a trade-off between convenience and efficiency as the efficiency is lower than the corresponding compressor efficiency (Orosz, Mueller, Quoilin, & Hemond, 2009). A scroll expander was purchased from Air Squared which is custom made for small-scale ORC applications. The expander selected ensures better performance than would be expected from an experimental turbine design and is a readily available solution to facilitate experimental analysis of the heat exchangers and system behavior. Figure 7 - Air Squared expander 35th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop: 2013 Proceedings 17 – 20 November 2013 Rotorua, New ZealandPDF Image | DESIGN AND BUILD OF A 1 KILOWATT ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE POWER GENERATOR
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