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Energies 2018, 11, 217 11 of 26 the full electric RTP-1-1 are extreme cases of the hybridization strategy, their parameter values are given in the text and are separately displayed within the following discussion. 4.1. Fixed Battery Simulation 4.1.1. Battery Parameters The battery mass is displayed in Figure 4a,b. Figure 4a shows the battery mass in dependence of the hybridization parameter varied between 0.1 and 0.9 as well as the battery strategy parameter λBat. Figure 4b aims to show additionally the λBat-independent battery weight in case of the conventional RTP-0-0 and the full electric aircraft RTP-1-1. Figure 4. Battery parameters in case of Battery 2 (0.65 kWh/kg, 1 kW/kg): Battery mass in kg for (a) Hybrid electric aircrafts (HP: 0.1–0.9); (b) all degrees of hybridization (exemplary λBat); (c) Battery usage. The battery weight increases with a higher DoH and exceeds 15 tons for a FEA. An extreme mass growth is observed for HEA configurations with HP > 0.8 and λBat < 0.7. The battery weight for high mission energy supply by the battery (λBat > 0.6) already reaches 10 tons with HP = 0.4. There is an optimal battery strategy parameter for a fixed hybridization that leads to a minimum battery weight, e.g., for HP = 0.4 and λBat = 0.3. The energy demands for larger λBat than the optimum increases and leads to higher battery weights. The battery masses for lower strategy parameters than the optimum and the same hybridization are similar. Figure 4b underlines the effect that high battery strategy parameters such as λBat = 1 cause extremely high weights for low hybridization levels, whereas moderate and small strategy parameters (λBat < 0.6) are mostly dominated by the power rating requirement and growPDF Image | Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
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