PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 012
Energies 2018, 11, 217 12 of 26 slower for HP < 0.9. Figure 4c highlights the battery energy usage percentage, which has its maximum of 80% as the minimum state of charge is limited to 20% and equals the depth of discharge. This heat map clarifies the exploitation of the battery energy, which is sized according to the power output or the mission energy requirements, depending on which of both is limiting for battery design. It is best exploited for increased λBat, because more energy is delivered by the battery for the same power rating, which is fixed with the DoH. The maximum power rating requirement is the dominating battery sizing criterion for strategies close to maximum peak shaving, e.g., λBat < 0.3 and HP = 0.4. In these configurations, the battery energy capacity is oversized compared to the energy requirement given by the strategy parameter. Hence, its capacity is not fully exploited. Three main effects are observable. First, the usage decreases with an increased HP = [0.1, 0.6] and a fixed battery strategy parameter, e.g., λBat = 0.2. The power rating increases significantly more than the energy demand for these hybridizations. Only the peak power demand phases as takeoff and climb, which endure less than 20 min, are substituted with the electric propulsion system. Consequently, the power and not the energy demand increases significantly. Second, a contrary trend is observed for HP = [0.6, 0.9]. The usage of the battery energy increases for fixed strategy parameters. In cruise flight, the power demand is approximately 40% of PTotal,max. Hence, the power rating of the gas turbine does not fulfill the power requirements for the hybridization in cruise. Even for the maximum peak shaving strategy (λBat = 0) and HP > 0.5, the battery is not only used for the takeoff and climb, but also for the cruise part for all battery strategy parameters. Since the cruise flight accounts for the longest part of the flight, a major demand of mission energy is required in this interval. Consequently, the battery usage increases. Third, the battery mass increases and the usage decreases in the FEA case as the reserve mission in form of the alternate cruise flight of 45 min in 1500 ft has to be covered by the electric propulsion. This energy is not activated in the normal flight profile. As it is not used battery energy the exploitation decreases. It can be seen that the optimal battery weights for every DoH depend on the full exploitation of the battery. The results highlight that further sizing of mission energy delivered by the battery with a higher λBat causes significantly increased weights. 4.1.2. Impact on OAD Main aircraft design parameters such as the MTOW and the wing span are analyzed to understand the impact of the battery integration (Figure 5a–c). The MTOW consists of wing, airframe, payload, propulsion system including the battery and other system masses. The results for the MTOW (Figure 5a,b) and the wingspan (Figure 5c) emphasize a high correlation with the battery mass developments. Previously, described effects are observable in these heat maps. Optimal designs with the lowest weight and the shortest wings are the same for every DoH as for the battery mass. A FEA reaches a maximum weight of more than 40 tons and a wingspan larger than 36 m. The increased propulsion system mass driven by the battery leads to larger wings. These have to produce a larger lift force, when the aircraft is heavier. It is a self-amplifying effect as the larger wing lead to an increased MTOW. Another effect that increases the MTOW for strategies with unexploited batteries is identified. The battery mass for a fixed hybridization as shown previously is nearly constant up to the local minimum, e.g., HP = 0.4 and λBat = 0.3. Although the battery could supply more energy for battery strategies λBat < 0.3 and is not fully exploited, the required mission energy is drawn from additional fuel mass. Hence, the total mass increases for strategy parameters below the optimum.PDF Image | Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
PDF Search Title:
Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric AircraftOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-11-00217-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |