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Figure 8. Comparison between the experimental and predicted (a) temperature at evaporator inlet; Energies 2020, 13, 5846 14 of 23 (b) temperature at expander inlet; (c) temperature at expander outlet; and (d) WF mass flow rate. Figure9.CoCmopmapriasroisnobnetbweetweneenxpexrpimereinmtaelnatanldapnrdedpicrtedicmteedchmaneichaalnpiocwalerpoatw:(ear)aptu:m(pa;)apnudm(bp); aenxdpa(nbd) erx.pander. 3. Results: Analysis of the Recovery Plant Performance and Optimization 3. Results: Analysis of the Recovery Plant Performance and Optimization 3.1. Baseline ORC-Based Power Plant Performance Analysis 3.1. Baseline ORC-Based Power Plant Performance Analysis Once validated, the model is used to optimize the whole performance of the ORC plant (Figure 6). Once validated, the model is used to optimize the whole performance of the ORC plant (Figure The net mechanical power output of the ORC plant in Figure 10a, i.e., the difference between the 6). The net mechanical power output of the ORC plant in Figure 10a, i.e., the difference between the expander output and the power consumption by the pump, varies between 0.20 and 0.42 kW when the Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 24 expander output and the power consumption by the pump, varies between 0.20 and 0.42 kW when working fluid mass flow rate is in the range of 0.09 to 0.18 kg/s. The ORC plant maximum power and the working fluid mass flow rate is in the range of 0.09 to 0.18 kg/s. The ORC plant maximum power maximum energy efficiency occur with a mass flow rate of 0.14 kg/s (Figure 10a), despite a relatively relatively average (2.75) value of the expander pressure ratio. Indeed, regarding this mass flow rate, and maximum energy efficiency occur with a mass flow rate of 0.14 kg/s (Figure 10a), despite a average (2.75) value of the expander pressure ratio. Indeed, regarding this mass flow rate, the backwork the backwork ratio BWR (Equation 9) is at its lowest (0.2), producing the maximum energy response ratio BWR (Equation 9) is at its lowest (0.2), producing the maximum energy response for the plant for the plant (Figure 10b). Even if higher expander pressure ratios correspond to the higher (Figure 10b). Even if higher expander pressure ratios correspond to the higher mechanical power mechanical power generated by the expander, they also produce a higher BWR, i.e., an increased generated by the expander, they also produce a higher BWR, i.e., an increased demand of pump power, demand of pump power, leading to lower net power output. Prior to any optimization effort, the leading to lower net power output. Prior to any optimization effort, the parameters on which the parameters on which the expander intake and outlet pressures depend should be assessed, as they expander intake and outlet pressures depend should be assessed, as they determine the net recovered determine the net recovered mechanical power. As aforementioned, a volumetric expander has a mechanical power. As aforementioned, a volumetric expander has a fixed built-in volume ratio (VR) fixed built-in volume ratio (VR) (Equation (10)) given by the ratio between the exhaust and intake (Equation (10)) given by the ratio between the exhaust and intake volume. volume. Figure 10. (a) Net power produced by ORC and efficiency; and (b) expander pressure ratio and Figure 10. (a) Net power produced by ORC and efficiency; and (b) expander pressure ratio and backwork ratio. backwork ratio. Experimental evidence suggests that for given intake conditions (i.e., pressure and temperature), the vane pressure at the exhaust port opening hardly matches the fluid one at the expander outlet. The experimental indicated cycle in Figure 11a shows an overexpansion with respect to the circuit pressure, pexh, which leads to an isochoric recompression of the working fluid at the exhaust start and eventually to a lower indicated mechanical power. Thus, the term overexpansion means that the pressure of the fluid at the exhaust port opening is lower than that imposed by the fluid. ThePDF Image | Design of ORC Plant for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery
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