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as the volumetric losses are the main limit of the whole expander performance growth, if the flow leakage diminishes by the adoption of a less permeable device, higher expander efficiency values can be achieved (Figure 15a). On the other hand, the pump optimization is associated with a BWR increase from 0.14 to 0.2, when the mass flow rate doubles, from 0.09 to 0.18 kg/s (Figure 15b). Thus, the impact of pump power Energies 2020, 13, 5846 18 of 23 on that produced by the expander is halved with respect to the experimental case. The reason is that if the expander and consequently the circuit is more permeable, the pump must pressurize a higher quantity of working fluid, but this extra mass flow rate does not enter the expander, being associated quantity of working fluid, but this extra mass flow rate does not enter the expander, being associated to leakage. to leakage. Figure15.(a)Effifficciieenccyyooftfhtehtewtoweoxpexapnadnerdse;rasn;dan(bd)b(ba)ckbwacokrwkroartkioroaftitoheoofpthtiemoizpetdimainzdedcuarnrednctuprurmenpt. pump. Hence, the benefits expected on the expander pressure ratio (and expander power) are not achieved, aEnedrgietsh2e020B, W13, xRFOinRcPrEeEaRsReEsV.IEHWowever, this information suggests new avenues and19nofe2w4 concepts for ORC plant optimization. Indeed, the pump is in most cases neglected, but its improvement ensures Hence, the benefits expected on the expander pressure ratio (and expander power) are not largely enhancing the ORC plant performance. Volumetric machines in this sense show high potential achieved, and the BWR increases. However, this information suggests new avenues and new beinglesscsoencseipttisvefotroOrRevCoplulatniotnopstpimeeizdativoanr.iaIntdioenedt,htahnetphuemdpyinsaimnimcosntecsa.sesneglected,butits improvement ensures largely enhancing the ORC plant performance. Volumetric machines in this Both these optimization strategies lead to an improvement of ORC performance in terms of net sense show high potential being less sensitive to revolution speed variation than the dynamic ones. power produced (Figure 16a) and efficiency (Figure 16b). A maximum net power of 1.05 kW can be Both these optimization strategies lead to an improvement of ORC performance in terms of net recovered, i.e., 50% gain with respect to the maximum power in the baseline case. Moreover, it can be power produced (Figure 16a) and efficiency (Figure 16b). A maximum net power of 1.05 kW can be observedtrheacotvtehredn,ei.te.r,e5c0o%vgeariendwpitohwreesrpedcot teostnheotmgarxoimwumwiptohwtehreinmthaessbaflsoelwinercaatsee.inMdoerefionvietre,liyt:canmassflow be observed that the net recovered power does not grow with the mass flow rate indefinitely: a mass rate of 0.18 kg/s allows the maximum power recovery. The same advantages are appreciated on the flow rate of 0.18 kg/s allows the maximum power recovery. The same advantages are appreciated on ORC efficiency that ranges between 3.0% and 3.5% (at 0.09 and 0.15 kg/s, respectively). the ORC efficiency that ranges between 3.0% and 3.5% (at 0.09 and 0.15 kg/s, respectively). Figure 16. Net ORC mechanical power and efficiency of the: (a) optimized; and (b) baseline expander. Figure 16. Net ORC mechanical power and efficiency of the: (a) optimized; and (b) baseline expander. Hence, there is a trade-off between the operating conditions, in terms of mass flow rate, for net ORC power and plant efficiency maximization that should be sought. Nonetheless, both the power and efficiency curves show a flat trend in correspondence of the maximum: satisfyingly high performances can be reached for a wide mass flow rate range. 4. Further DiscussionPDF Image | Design of ORC Plant for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery
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