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Energies 2020, 13, 5846 17 of 23 or from the adoption of a less permeable expander [53]. In the case at hand, half the power produced by the expander is consumed by the pump. Indeed, the pump suffers from lower efficiency, as it is not optimized for application that involves the use of organic fluid, but it coincided for oleo-dynamic application. Nonetheless, even if a dedicated pump was employed, a large loss can also be expected. Moreover, if the expander is less permeable, a lower mass flow rate is needed to reach the design intake pressure, which in turn leads to lower pump power absorption and lower BWR. Based on previous results, the SVRE expander with higher volumetric efficiency ηvol = 0.45 substitutes for the more permeable one. The new expander has the same geometry but a smaller clearance gap at the tip blade with respect to the previous expander version. In the new machine, the clearance gap is equal to 85 μm, while in the more permeable version, the gap is larger than 140 μm. This difference is caused by the quality of the internal components surface (blade, stator, rings) and the lubrication rate, which is equals in both cases (5% of the whole working fluid charge). The fully experimental comparison between the two machines is reported in Ref. [8]. In Figure 14a, the permeability decrease with the new machine is appreciated. Indeed, for a certain mass flow rate elaborated by the machine, the new expander guarantees a higher pressure ratio β as a consequence of a larger intake pressure at the expander inlet, which is due to the lower permeability of the new device (Figure 14b). Indeed, if the device has high permeability keeping constant the mass flow sent by the pump, only a small part of working fluid enters the expander chamber, while the remaining part escapes as leakage flows. Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 24 Figure 14. (a) Expander pressure ratiio as function of volumetriic efffificiency;; (b) Effffect of volumetric efffificiency on expander intake pressure. Thus, the mass enclosed in the chamber defines a pressure lower than that achievable if the Thus, the mass enclosed in the chamber defines a pressure lower than that achievable if the leakage was lower (machine with a higher volumetric efficiency and less permeable). Furthermore, leakage was lower (machine with a higher volumetric efficiency and less permeable). Furthermore, as the volumetric losses are the main limit of the whole expander performance growth, if the flow as the volumetric losses are the main limit of the whole expander performance growth, if the flow leakage diminishes by the adoption of a less permeable device, higher expander efficiency values can leakage diminishes by the adoption of a less permeable device, higher expander efficiency values can be achieved (Figure 15a). be achieved (Figure 15a). On the other hand, the pump optimization is associated with a BWR increase from 0.14 to 0.2, On the other hand, the pump optimization is associated with a BWR increase from 0.14 to 0.2, when the mass flow rate doubles, from 0.09 to 0.18 kg/s (Figure 15b). Thus, the impact of pump power when the mass flow rate doubles, from 0.09 to 0.18 kg/s (Figure 15b). Thus, the impact of pump power on that produced by the expander is halved with respect to the experimental case. The reason is that on that produced by the expander is halved with respect to the experimental case. The reason is that if the expander and consequently the circuit is more permeable, the pump must pressurize a higher if the expander and consequently the circuit is more permeable, the pump must pressurize a higher quantity of working fluid, but this extra mass flow rate does not enter the expander, being associated to leakage.PDF Image | Design of ORC Plant for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery
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