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intake pressure for a fixed mass flow rate. For a given revolution speed, the intake pressure increases with a linear trend as a function of the mass flow rate, as shown in Figure 12a, which shows that the expander permeability determines the ORC-based power unit maximum pressure. Figure 12b reports the pressure at the condenser inlet and pump intake: both pressures grow Elineregaiersly20w20i,t1h3,t5h8e46mass flow rate but with a lower slope than the intake pressure, as a conseque1n6coef o23f the differences on the pressure losses. Figure 12. (a) Evaporator inlet and expander intake pressure; and (b) condenser inlet and pump intake Figure 12. (a) Evaporator inlet and expander intake pressure; and (b) condenser inlet and pump intake pressure, all as function of the mass flow rate. pressure, all as function of the mass flow rate. Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 24 The higher pressure in the condenser—and consequently, at the pump intake—is due to the temperature of the water employed as the cooling medium. Figure 13a indicates that the temperature of R236fa at the condenser outlet is close to the water temperature across the condenser. As the mass flow rate increases, more power is recovered by the working fluid, and the heat rejected into the water stream increases, resulting in a higher temperature of the cooling medium at the condenser outlet (Figure 13b). Consequently, once the conditions of the low thermal source are set, the exhaust pressure is only slightly affected by the thermal power recovered by the working fluid. On the contrary, the maximum pressure can be easily changed through the variation of expander permeability, which shows a higher hydraulic impendence than any other component. Fiigure13..(a)R236faiinlletttteempeerraattuurreeaannddwwaatetrerininlelteatnadndouotuletltettetmempepreartautrueraetactocnodnednesners,e(rb,)(bP)oPwoewr aetr low thermal source. at low thermal source. 3.2. ORC-Based Power Plant Performance Optimization Strategies 3.2. ORC-Based Power Plant Performance Optimization Strategies The reduction of the expander permeability is certainly one promising solution to optimize the ORC The reduction of the expander permeability is certainly one promising solution to optimize the plant performance. Indeed, a lower permeability ensures a higher intake pressure (and consequently a ORC plant performance. Indeed, a lower permeability ensures a higher intake pressure (and higher β) for a certain mass flow rate of working fluid. The permeability decrease can be obtained consequently a higher β) for a certain mass flow rate of working fluid. The permeability decrease can using a device with a higher volumetric efficiency, expressed as in Equation (13). be obtained using a device with a higher volumetric efficiency, expressed as in Equation (13). In addition to the selection of a proper volumetric efficiency for the expander, a second possibility In addition to the selection of a proper volumetric efficiency for the expander, a second for performance enhancement comes from the pump optimization, in order to reduce the BWR [51] possibility for performance enhancement comes from the pump optimization, in order to reduce the BWR [5151] or from the adoption of a less permeable expander [5353]. In the case at hand, half the power produced by the expander is consumed by the pump. Indeed, the pump suffers from lower efficiency, as it is not optimized for application that involves the use of organic fluid, but it coincided for oleo-dynamic application. Nonetheless, even if a dedicated pump was employed, a large loss can also be expected. Moreover, if the expander is less permeable, a lower mass flow rate is needed to reach the designPDF Image | Design of ORC Plant for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery
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