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Energies 2020, 13, 6586 3 of 26 At present, waste heat can be recovered by using direct heating (commonly preheating or drying operations) or converting medium- and low-temperature heat into mechanical energy or electrical energy (steam Rankine cycle, organic Rankine cycle, Stirling cycle, Karima cycle, flash steam technology, screw expander technology, etc.) [3]. Due to its low boiling point, simple structure and stable operation, organic Rankine cycle shows great potential in the recovery and utilization of waste heat of medium and low temperature [4]. Many researchers have carried out a lot of studies on the organic Rankine cycle from different aspects (such as the types and forms of heat sources, different organic Rankine cycle systems, and the optimization of various parts of the system), and have achieved fruitful results. Shahab Yousefizadeh Dibazar et al. [5] established three types of organic Rankine cycles (basic ORC, ORC with single regeneration and ORC with double regeneration) under the same heat source for research and simulation. The results of advanced exergy analysis show that, compared with basic ORC, regenerated ORC has a high potential to reduce irreversibility. Yong-qiang Feng et al. [6] compared the regenerative organic Rankine cycle with the basic organic Rankine cycle based on a 10kW experimental prototype of the organic Rankine cycle, and the results showed that basic organic Rankine cycle had higher power and power generation efficiency than basic organic Rankine cycle. Mehdi A. Ehyaei et al. [7] have successfully optimized the organic Rankine cycle using geothermal heat sources through energy and exergy analysis. After analyzing the energy and exergy parameters of the geothermal cycle, a two-stage optimization process is carried out. S.M. Alizadeh et al. [8] took Tehran as an example to study the hybrid integration of solar receiver with gas turbine cycle, gas-steam combined cycle and heat recovery steam generator. The application of the heliometer solar receiver is to use solar energy to heat the pressurized exhaust air before entering the combustion chamber, thus generating more steam in the gas cycle and combined cycle. This action reduces the consumption of fossil fuels and reduces the environmental impact of these cycles. L. Di Cairano et al. [9] proposed a reversible cycle in order to overcome the commercial success of the organic Rankine cycle hampered by the compactness and cost requirements of the automotive sector. ReverCycle can be in the standard of the MAC system when the need for cabin cooling and ORC system of mechanical energy in the recovery of waste heat from the engine cooling system of the two different modes. As the core component of the low-temperature power generation system, the expander plays a vital role in the overall system performance. At present, two main types of expanders are applied in low-temperature power generation systems. The expander is divided into two broad categories: positive displacement (volumetric) expander and velocity-based (turbines) expander [10]. Table 2 shows the comparison of various expansion machines [11]. Velocity-based (turbines) expanders are used in high power and are divided into radial flow type and axial flow type. The radial flow type has the advantages of compact structure, high isentropic efficiency, relatively high single-stage expansion, good sealing and mature processing, but it is expensive, high speed and not suitable for small energy units. Axial flow has the advantages of high entropy efficiency in large units, maximum power in a single unit, large expansion ratio determined by multistage expansion and long service life. However, it has a large number of impellers, high manufacturing cost, high maintenance cost, and large clearance loss and friction loss when used in small units. Positive displacement (volumetric) expanders are suitable for low power. They can be divided into scroll expander, screw expander, slide expander and piston expander. The scroll expander has few moving parts, small loss, low speed, simple manufacturing, low cost and no valve and other advantages, but it needs a lubrication system, small power, and leakage is more serious, there is mainly friction, suction and internal leakage loss. The screw expander has the advantages of being suitable for two-phase flow, high working flexibility and low speed, but it needs lubrication system and high machining precision. Although the slide expander can be applied to two-phase flow, simple structure, low speed and other advantages, its power is small, poor sealing. The piston expander has a high expansion ratio, which can be used in two-phase flow and variable working conditions. However, it has many moving parts, complex manufacturing, heavy losses, heavy weight and flow resistance in inlet and outlet valves. Compared with other volumetric expander, the efficiency is low. As a new type of volumetric expander, the screw expander has thePDF Image | Development and Application of the Twin Screw Expander
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