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Energies 2020, 13, 6586 4 of 26 characteristics of simple structure, high volume efficiency. Compared with velocity-based expander, screw expander possesses some advantages. First, unlike vane expander, the contact forces within screw expander are low, which makes it very reliable. Second, the fluid velocities within it are roughly one order of magnitude smaller than those in turbo expander, and thus there is little risk of damage stemming from the admission of liquid/vapor mixtures. Compared with another positive displacement expander, screw expander has also some advantages. First, unlike reciprocating piston expander, all the moving parts of the screw expander rotate so that it can run at a higher speed. Second, unlike scroll expander and slide expander, screw expander leakage loss is relatively small. Due to its unique advantages, the screw expander attracts wide attention and will gradually substitute for the turbines expander in the low-temperature power generation systems such as organic Rankine cycle. Table 2. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of various expansion machines. Type velocity based (turbines) expanders Radial flow Axial flow Scroll expander Screw expander Slide expander Piston expander Power Range/kW 50–1000 >250 1–20 15–500 1–10 20–100 Advantages High isentropic efficiency; Small losses of all kinds; Compact structure; Single stage expansion is relatively large; Good sealing; Manufacturing mature. In large units, the entropy efficiency is higher; The power of the single machine can be maximized, and the expansion ratio of the multistage expansion is also very large; Long life. No valve, less moving parts; Low speed; Easy to manufacture; The cost is low. Less moving parts, less loss; High volume efficiency; Suitable for two phase flow; High flexibility; Low speed. Suitable for two phase flow; Simple structure; Low speed. Suitable for two phase flow; Compared with other positive displacement expander, the expansion is higher; Applicable to off-duty conditions; The cost is low. Disadvantages High speed; Price is high; Not suitable for small power units. The number of impellers is large and the manufacturing cost is high; High maintenance cost; The clearance loss and friction loss are larger in small units. Lubrication system is required; Small power; The loss of power is large, mainly due to friction, suction and internal leakage. Lubrication system is required; High machining accuracy requirement. Sealing problem; Small power. Many moving parts, complex manufacturing, loss; The weight is big, heavy; Flow resistance exists in inlet and outlet valves; With other capacity, the product expander is less efficient than the product expander. positive displacement (volumetric) expanders 2. The Current Research Status of Screw Expander With the rapid rise of geothermal power generation technology in the United States, the screw expander has captured increasing attention due to its ability of full-flow expansion. However, due to the influence of rotor profile and rotor machining precision, the performance of the screw expander has so far failed to meet the requirements. Regarding enhancing the performance of the expansion, the study of the screw expander is concentrated in the following areas: (1) leakage of screw expander, (2) rotor profile, (3) processing method and equipment, (4) sealing, (5) thermodynamic model and simulation.PDF Image | Development and Application of the Twin Screw Expander
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