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Energy Intensity and CO2 Emissions in Ecuador

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Energy Intensity and CO2 Emissions in Ecuador ( energy-intensity-and-co2-emissions-ecuador )

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Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 22 In Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and non-OECD economies, energy intensity has declined almost without interruption since 2000, averaging 1.6% per year to 2016, as seen in Figure 2. In OECD countries, primary energy demand fell by 1%, despite a Sustainability320%20i,n1c2re, a2s0e in GDP; in other countries, energy demand rose by 80% while GDP increased by 150% [29]. 3 of 21 Figure2.PrFimguarery2.ePnriemragryednemrgyanddem,GanDd,PG,DanP,danednenregrygyininttensittybbyyrergeiognio(2n01(620U1S6D)U.OSrDga).niOzartgioannizationfor for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In 2016, global investment in energy efficiency increased by 9% to USD 231 billion. This increase In 2016, global investment in energy efficiency increased by 9% to USD 231 billion. This increase matched with a slowdown in investment on the supply side of the energy system. Energy efficiency matched with a slowdown in investment on the supply side of the energy system. Energy efficiency investment now represents 13.6% of the USD 1.7 trillion invested across the entire energy market [29]. investmentnoLwatirnepArmeesreicnatsha1s3s.l6o%wlyoifntithiaeteUdSthDei1n.t7egtraitliloinonofipnovliecsietseadssaocriaotsedstwhiethetnhetierfeficeinenetrugsyeomfarket[29]. energy; and the integration of energy efficiency programs from the demand side. These policies have Latin America has slowly initiated the integration of policies associated with the efficient use of not achieved significant results and the costs and benefits associated with the industrial and electrical energy; and the integration of energy efficiency programs from the demand side. These policies have sectors have not been applied in other sectors. Mexico and Brazil have been consolidating their not achieved significant results and the costs and benefits associated with the industrial and electrical institutional and regulatory frameworks in support of energy efficiency activities. Energy Intensity sectorshaivsegennoetrabllyeednecalipnpinlgiedueintotchoenrvesregecntocersa.ndMeecxonicoomiacndevBelroapzmilenhta,vesepebceiaelnlycionnesnoelrigdya-tingtheir importing countries, and in countries with significant energy resources [30]. institutional and regulatory frameworks in support of energy efficiency activities. Energy Intensity is Energy prices have a major effect on energy consumption. Higher prices may encourage the generally declining due to convergence and economic development, especially in energy-importing sectors of the economy to change their consumption behavior. In the residential sector, this factor can countries, and in countries with significant energy resources [30]. represent changes in household habits for energy use. Furthermore, households can shift to energy- Energeyfficpiernicyestehchanvoeloagymthaajtocroeuffldercetdoucneenerrggyycocnosnumsupmtiopntinonth.eHshiogrht-etermp.rHicoewsemvear,yspeencciaoluragethe attention should be considered for this factor because the improvements in energy efficiency can sectors of the economy to change their consumption behavior. In the residential sector, this factor lower the implicit price of energy and make it more affordable. This issue represents a rebound effect can represent changes in household habits for energy use. Furthermore, households can shift to that may have an effect on the rest of the sectors [31]. The different behaviors of technology spillovers energy-efficiency technology that could reduce energy consumption in the short-term. However, on energy intensity suggest that measures intending to make efficient use of energy should accord specialattweneltliownithshthoeuchldarabcetecriostnicssidanedrebdehfaovriotrhsiosfefachtoterchbneoclaoguysesptihlloeviemr[p32r]o.vementsinenergyefficiency The energy sector constitutes a strategic sector in all economies, the engine of the productive can lower the implicit price of energy and make it more affordable. This issue represents a rebound system and a crucial factor for the satisfaction of human needs. Today’s Ecuador is a net exporter of effect that may have an effect on the rest of the sectors [31]. The different behaviors of technology primary energies, with oil being the main export item, which in 2016 represented 32.5% of revenues spillovers on energy intensity suggest that measures intending to make efficient use of energy should for the country. The price per barrel of oil for the year 2019, was estimated at 50.05 USD by the accordwealluwthoitrhitiethsoefctheareacocnteomriisctifcrosnat.nEdcubaedhoravisiaormseomfbearcohfOtePcEhCnaonldotghyatshpaislleodvteors[a3c2ri]f.icesinits levels of production. The energy sector constitutes a strategic sector in all economies, the engine of the productive Ecuador has maintained a strong dependence on petroleum products. However, investments in system and a crucial factor for the satisfaction of human needs. Today’s Ecuador is a net exporter of renewable energy and new clean energy production technologies will improve the potential of the primary energies, with oil being the main export item, which in 2016 represented 32.5% of revenues Ecuadorian energy matrix. According to the 2017 energy balance published by the Ministry of for the couElnecttrryic.ityTahned pRerniceewapbelerEbnaergryelino2f01o6i,lafsosrhotwhneinyeFaigrur2e031.9, was estimated at 50.05 USD by the authorities of the economic front. Ecuador is a member of OPEC and that has led to sacrifices in its levels of production. Ecuador has maintained a strong dependence on petroleum products. However, investments in renewable energy and new clean energy production technologies will improve the potential of the Ecuadorian energy matrix. According to the 2017 energy balance published by the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy in 2016, as shown in Figure 3. CO2 emissions were the main contributor to climate change in a period between 1750–2005 [33,34]. A reduction in access to water, food availability, land use are the main threats of climate change to the life expectancy of human populations. Therefore, minimizing CO2 emissions through the reduction of fossil fuel consumption and the increase in the use of renewable energy is essential [35].

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