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Sustainability 2020, 12, 20 4 of 21 Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 22 Oil 201012 KBOE Oil Natural Gas Firewood Natural Gas 10488 KBOE Renewables 17961 KBOE Hydro Energy 12263 KBOE Hydro Energy Cane products Firewood 1824 KBOE Cane products 3874 KBOE FigFuigreur3e. 3P. rPirmimaaryryeenergy produccttioionn(K(KBOBOE)E—)—YeYaer a2r01260.16. ApoCsOit2iveemriesslaiotniosnwsheripetbhetwmeaeincCoOntribeumtoisrstioncsli,meantercghyancgoensinumapteiroiond,abnedtwteheent1y7p5e0–o2f00e5nergy 2 [33,34]. A reduction in access to water, food availability, land use are the main threats of climate has been observed. The authors in [36] have proposed that in the long term for CIVETS (Colombia, change to the life expectancy of human populations. Therefore, minimizing CO2 emissions through Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa), economic growth and energy consumption are the reduction of fossil fuel consumption and the increase in the use of renewable energy is essential determinants of the increase in CO2 emissions. A positive linear relationship between economic growth [35]. and emissions has been observed for ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) [37]. In Taiwan, A positive relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and the type of energy has authors in [14] found a relationship between CO2 emissions with demographic and economic growth. been observed. The authors in [36] have proposed that in the long term for CIVETS (Colombia, The researchers in [15] found a greater correlation between CO2 emissions with the performance of Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa), economic growth and energy consumption the US and European stock market than with China; while the authors in [16] proposed a scenario to are determinants of the increase in CO2 emissions. A positive linear relationship between economic reducgeroCwOth aenmdisesmioisnssiownsithaas breednuoctbisoenrviendefnoerrAgSyEiAnNten(Asistsyo.cAiatpionsiotifvSeouatnhdeassitgAnisfiiacnanNtaitmionpsa)c[t3o7]n. CO 22 emissInionTsaiiwnaNn,igaeurthiaorwsaisnr[e1l4a]tefdoutnodthaerienlactrieoansehiipn bpetrwceaepnitCaOG2DemPiasnsidonpsowpuithlatdioemno[1g7ra].phRiecsaenadrchers economic growth. The researchers in [15] found a greater correlation between CO2 emissions with in [18] found that energy consumption has positive effects on CO2 emissions and statistically significant the performance of the US and European stock market than with China; while the authors in [16] for European and Northern Asian countries, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Middle proposed a scenario to reduce CO2 emissions with a reduction in energy intensity. A positive and East, and North and Sub-Saharan Africa. The authors in [19] researched the emissions and income significant impact on CO2 emissions in Nigeria was related to the increase in per capita GDP and relationship and established the incidence of the EKC in 22 OECD countries; using the data of six population [17]. Researchers in [18] found that energy consumption has positive effects on CO2 Central American Countries, and researchers in [20] established a causal relationship between economic emissions and statistically significant for European and Northern Asian countries, Latin America and growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Authors in [21] applied a model to examine the the Caribbean and the Middle East, and North and Sub-Saharan Africa. The authors in [19] researched relationship between CO emissions, electricity consumption and economic growth in the case of the emissions and inc2ome relationship and established the incidence of the EKC in 22 OECD thecocouunnttrriies;oufstinhgeAthsesdoactiatoiofnsixofCSeonutrtahleAamsteAricsaiannCNouantitorines,.aAndcarueseaalrictyhereslaintio[2n0s]heisptabelitswhedenaCO2 emissciaounsasl, reenlaetrigoynschoipnsbuetmwpeetinoencoanodmeicognrowmtihc, genroerwgythcofonrsunminpetionnewanldy CinOd2uesmtriisasiloiznesd. Acuotuhnortrsiiens was [21] applied a model to examine the relationship between CO2 emissions, electricity consumption and found [22]. For Brazil, India, China, and Russia (BRIC) a dynamic relationship between economic economic growth in the case of the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. A growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions was pointed out [23], and for Ecuador a significant causality relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth for nine decrease in CO2 emissions was associated with replacement technologies and changes in the energy newly industrialized countries was found [22]. For Brazil, India, China, and Russia (BRIC) a dynamic relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions was pointed out matrix [24]. This research seeks to examine the causal relationship of the functioning of economic growth, [23], and for Ecuador a significant decrease in CO2 emissions was associated with replacement energy consumption and CO2 emissions, using a system dynamics model. Energy production and technologies and changes in the energy matrix [24]. consumption generate effects that have negatively effects for the environment [25]. Determining future This research seeks to examine the causal relationship of the functioning of economic growth, scenaernieorsgwycilolnaslulomwptoiobntaindinCgOi2mepmoisrstiaonts,inufsoinrmgatsiyosntefmorddyencaimsiiocnsmoadkeiln.gEninergreylaptriodnutcotiothneancudrrent natiocnoanlseunmeprtgioynmgoednerla,tieneoffredcetsr thoafitnhdavaesnuesgtatinvaelbylefefnecetrsgfyormthaetriexnvainrodntmoeenstta[2b5l]i.shDetnevrmirionninmgental future scenarios will allow obtaining important information for decision making in relation to the policies that allow economic development that takes care of the environment. 2. Materials and Methods Climate change is one of the most serious challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. A policy-driven solution to prevent the most drastic effects of climate change requires a long-termPDF Image | Energy Intensity and CO2 Emissions in Ecuador
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