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Sustainability 2020, 12, 20 5 of 21 policy architecture that is independent, without exceptions, from the ideological party of the incumbent and successive governments in power, that is, without policy risk [38–40]. Increases in ambient temperature and changes in related processes are directly related to the increase in anthropogenic concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere [41,42]. The estimates of the effectiveness of the measures to reduce the demand for energy services have a high level of uncertainty in the current conditions of climate policy where the final objective of climate mitigation has not yet been decided [43,44]. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere in July 2019 was 411.77 ppm [1]. The World Health Organization indicates that about 80% of cities exceed the limits of air quality, that is, nine out of ten people in the world breathe contaminated air, which means that it affects 92% of the world population [3]. The countries with the highest contribution in the CO2 emission for 2016 were China, the United States, India, Russia, and Japan, representing 28.21%, 15.99%, 6.24%, 4.53%, and 3.67% respectively [45]. While the majority of deaths associated with CO2 emissions occurred in urban centers in China, India, and Pakistan, representing 2.1 million people [46]. The dynamics of the system (DS) allows the interaction of different elements of a system over time, and incorporates concepts such as stock, flows, feedback, and delays, which allows for capturing the dynamic aspect of the process and providing a dynamic vision of the system behavior over time [26]. In this research, a dynamic model was designed using the Vensim graphic tool for the creation of simulation models that allows conceptualizing, documenting, simulating, analyzing, and optimizing system dynamics models. These model development procedures are designed to conceptualize, document, simulate, and analyze dynamic system models [47], which will allow a sensitivity analysis to examine the consistency of the model against changes in the values of the parameters. In fact, the dynamic systems method allows describing a problem dynamically, in this study the effects of energy consumption on the environment were analyzed; The variables used were population, energy supply and demand, CO2 emissions, and energy intensity. Energy consumption can be measured in primary or final terms, and by total or by disaggregating into different types of energy sources. Economic output can also be measured at sectorial or aggregated levels. GDP has been one of the most frequent [48–50]. It is difficult to find a definition of energy intensity that can make it suitable for using as an indicator of regional energy efficiency. Energy intensity, if calculated based on primary energy demand using the IEA/Eurostat methodology, will increase (worsen) if an economy uses more generation of nuclear and geothermal electricity. Nevertheless, if the energy intensity is calculated according to the final energy demand, it will not reflect improvements in the efficiency of electricity generation [51]. The energy intensity is defined as the energy consumed per unit of production. Energy intensity is inversely related to energy efficiency; the lower the energy required to produce an output or service unit, the greater the energy efficiency [52]. Energy intensity is the most commonly used aggregate indicator of a nation’s energy efficiency [27,53]. It usually be calculated as units of energy per unit of the industry’s value added or the country’s GDP. Energy Intensity (EI) = Energy/GDP (1) where EI is the Energy Intensity; E is the total energy consumed and GDP is the gross domestic product expressed in dollars. Improving energy efficiency has been one of the highest priorities for achieving economic growth during the post-industrial phase of economic development. Energy efficiency is considered one of the most important factors to strengthen industrial competitiveness and energy security. A positive relationship between energy efficiency and business growth has been reported [53]. Energy efficiency is rarely traded as a commodity. Where it is traded, it is usually the result of government regulations to create a market for efficiency outcomes, such as energy savings, carbon dioxide emissions reductions, or electricity system adequacy (the ability of the power system to match the evolution in electricity demand) [29].PDF Image | Energy Intensity and CO2 Emissions in Ecuador
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