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Friction 7(1): 2–17 (2019) 9 Fig. 6 3.1 The configuration and characteristics of the polymers. Cyclic triboelectric series fits the primitive trend illustrated in Section 3. Hence, the difficulty will be reduced to only make the link among “Glass‐Zinc‐Silk” part to couple and decouple different mechanisms for the cyclic phenomena. 3.2 Tribo‐electrification of identical materials If the two surfaces are identical in materials and their general composition, triboelectrification, according to the common senses, should be ignorable, or at least random [59]. However, this is not the case for many experiments, which report the same reproducible triboelectric trend on certain material surfaces. Though identical materials’ triboelectrification seemingly breaks the triboelectric series generality, it indicates the impacts of the hidden coupled factors. An important theory trying to explain the triboelectric effect on identical surfaces is the asymmetric contact theory [1, 60]. Non‐equilibrium surface states (of electrons, ions, etc.) are essential in that they help provide the driving force to transfer the charging media in higher non‐equilibrium surface states on one surface to lower states on the other [30]. Therefore, the probability of the charging will be proportional to the surface density difference: P(surface1surface2)1 2 (14) where P(surface1 surface2) denotes the net charge transfer from surface 1 to the surface of the same mate‐ rial, and is the area density of the net transferring media in higher energy states (Fig. 3). According to this theory, when two identical surfaces are contacted, the deterministic triboelectrification can occur in the following fashion: The same part of surface 1 contacts the different parts of surface 2 continuously and the charging process will be always in the same direction, with the depletion of the non‐ equilibrium states of surface 1 acting as the driving force. |1 2 |0 with 12 2(noncontact) (15) Then, the surface area will play a significant role when triboelectrification on identical surfaces takes place [1]. Besides, the triboelectric process on identical materials can be understood from a statistical viewpoint (i.e., One representative example of the cyclic triboelectric series is shown in Fig. 7 [2, 49]. One direct observation for the cyclic triboelectric series lies on the co‐existence of materials of different types, different structures, and different compositions. As shown, even paper and cotton with the same main composition of cellulose to different ratios will have a different position in this series. Therefore, only one thing in consensus is that the appearance of the cyclic triboelectric series is a combination of coupling different charge media, charging modes, and the electrification mechanism [2]. The series from silk to glass is easier to understand because they exhibit an obvious increase in the concentration of oxygen in their composition, which Fig. 7 Demonstration of cyclic triboelectric series. http://friction.tsinghuajournals.com∣www.Springer.com/journal/40544 | FrictionPDF Image | Fundamental theories basic principles of triboelectric effect
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