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GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY

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GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY ( gas-flaring-in-industry )

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Petroleum & Coal ISSN 1337-7027 Available online at www.vurup.sk/petroleum-coal Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW Eman A. Emam Department of Chemical Eng. and Pet. refinery, Suez University, Egypt emamtah@yahoo.com Received August 24, 2015, Accepted December 3, 2015 Abstract Gas flaring is a combustion device to burn associated, unwanted or excess gases and liquids released during normal or unplanned over-pressuring operation in many industrial processes, such as oil-gas extraction, refineries, chemical plants, coal industry and landfills. Gas flaring is a significant source of greenhouse gases emissions. It also generates noise, heat and provided large areas uninhabitable. The World Bank reports that between 150 to 170 billion m3 of gases are flared or vented annually, an amount value about $ 30.6 billion, equivalent to one-quarter of the United States’ gas consumption or 30 % of the European Union’s gas consumption annually. Thus, a reduction or recover of gas flaring is a crucial issue. Therefore, there is a pressing need to measure flared gas by known its composition, distribution and volume, additionally, applied the suitable flare gas recovery system or disposal. This paper provides an overview of the gas flaring in industry and its composition, and its relevant environmental impacts. It also describes the flaring measurement techniques and the reduction of the flare gas by studying the different methods of flare gas recovery systems. Keywords: gas flaring; greenhouse gas emissions; flared gas measurements; flared gas reduction; flare gas recovery systems. 1. Introduction Gas flaring, the process of burning-off associated gas from wells, hydrocarbon processing plants or refineries, either as a means of disposal or as a safety measure to relieve pressure [1]. It is now recognized as a major environmental problem, contributing an amount of about 150 billion m3 of natural gas is flared around the world, contaminating the environment with about 400 Mt CO2 per year [2-3]. Losses from flares are the single largest loss in many industrial operations, such as oil-gas production, refinery, chemical plant, coal industry and landfills. Wastes or losses to the flare include process gases, fuel gas, steam, nitrogen and natural gas. Flaring systems can be installed on many places such as onshore and offshore platforms production fields, on transport ships and in port facilities, at storage tank farms and along distribution pipelines. Gas flaring is one of the most challenging energy and environmental problems facing the world today. Nowadays world is facing global warming as one of its main issues. This problem can be caused by a rise in CO2, CH4 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in the atmo- sphere. On the other hand, the flared gas is very similar in composition to natural gas and is a cleaner source of energy than other commercial fossil fuels [2]. Because of the increasing gas prices since 2005 and growing concerns about the scarcity of oil and gas resources the interest in flare gas has increased and the amounts of gas wasted have been considered. For example, the amounts of gas flared could potentially supply 50 % of Africa`s electricity needs [2]. Thus saving energy and reducing emissions are become the worldwide requirement for every country. In addition, reducing flaring and increasing the utilization of fuel gas is a concrete

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