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E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 533 contribution to energy efficiency and climate change mitigation [4]. The purpose of this paper is to create an overview on the gas flaring in industry according to the following: gas flaring in industry and its composition, environmental impacts, measurement techniques by studying: government legislation; flow meter challenges; measurement technologies, different methods of flare gas recovery systems (FGRS), such as gas collection and compre- ssion; electricity generation and gas to liquid. 2. Gas flaring The definition of gas flaring is by Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers as the con- trolled burning of natural gas that cannot be processed for sale or use because of technical or economic reasons [5]. Gas flaring can also be defined by the combustion devices designed to safely and efficiently destroy waste gases generated in a plant during normal operation. It is coming from different sources such as associated gas, gas plants, well-tests and other places. It is collected in piping headers and delivered to a flare system for safe disposal. A flare system has multiple flares to treat the various sources for waste gases [6-7]. Most flaring processes usually take place at the top of stack by burning of gases with the visible flame. Height of the flame depends upon the volume of released gas, while brightness and color depend upon composition. Gas flaring systems are installed on onshore and offshore platforms production fields, on transport ships and in port facilities, at storage tank farms and along distribution pipelines. A complete flare system consists of the flare stack or boom and pipes which collect the gases to be flared, as shown in Figure 1 [8]. The flare tip at the end of the stack or boom is designed to assist entrainment of air into the flare to improve burn efficiency. Seals installed in the stack prevent flashback of the flame, and a vessel at the base of the stack removes and conserves any liquids from the gas passing to the flare. Depending on the design, one or more flares may be required at a process location. Figure 1 Overall flare stack system in a petroleum refinery [8] A flare is normally visible and generates both noise and heat. During flaring, the burned gas generates mainly water vapour and CO2. Efficient combustion in the flame depends on achieving good mixing between the fuel gas and air (or steam) [9], and on the absence of liquids. Low pressure pipe flares are not intended to handle liquids and do not perform effi- ciently when hydrocarbon liquids are released into the flare system [10]. Flaring processes can be classified into three groups: emergency flaring, process flaring and production flaring [11]. Emergency flaring can be occurred during the case of fire, breakPDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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