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Methane Propane Isobutane Isopentane n-Hexane Propylene Carbon monoxide Hydrogen sulfide Oxygen Water CH4 7.17 82.0 43.6 C3H8 2.04 64.2 20.3 C4H10 1.33 57.6 14.3 C5H12 0.096 4.71 0.530 C6H14 0.026 3.53 0.635 C3H6 0.000 42.5 2.73 CO 0.000 0.932 0.186 H2S 0.000 3.80 0.256 O2 0.019 5.43 0.357 H2O 0.000 14.7 1.14 E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 534 of valves, or compressor failures. So, in a short duration of time, a large volume of gas with high velocity is burned. Process flaring usually comes with a lower rate, such as during petro- chemical process some waste gases are removed from the production stream and then flared. Volumes of flared gas at such processes can vary during normal functionality and plant failures from a few m3/hr to thousands m3/hr, respectively [12]. Production flaring occurs in the explo- ration and production sector of oil-gas industry. Large volumes of gas will be combusted during the evaluation of a gas-oil potential test as an indication of the capacity of the well for production. 2.1. Gas flaring composition Generally the gas flaring will consist of a mixture of different gases. The composition will depend upon the source of the gas going to the flare system. Associated gases released during oil-gas production mainly contain natural gas. Natural gas is more than 90 % methane (CH4) with ethane and a small amount of other hydrocarbons; inert gases such as N2 and CO2 may also be present. Gas flaring from refineries and other process operations will commonly contain a mixture of hydrocarbons and in some cases H2. However, landfill gas, biogas or digester gas is a mixture of CH4 and CO2 along with small amounts of other inert gases. There is in fact no standard composition and it is therefore necessary to define some group of gas flaring according to the actual parameters of the gas. Changing gas composition will affect the heat transfer capabilities of the gas and affect the performance of the measurement by flow meter. An example of waste gas compositions at a typical plant is listed in Table 1 [7]. Table 1 Waste gas compositions at a typical plant [7] Gas flaring constituent Gas composition, % Gas flaring, % Min. Max Average Ethane C2H6 0.55 13.1 3.66 n-Butane C4H10 0.199 28.3 2.78 n-Pentane C5H12 0.008 3.39 0.266 neo-Pentane C5H12 0.000 0.342 0.017 Ethylene C2H4 0.081 3.20 1.05 1-Butene C4H8 0.000 14.7 0.696 Carbon dioxide CO2 0.023 2.85 0.713 Hydrogen H2 0.000 37.6 5.54 Nitrogen N2 0.073 32.2 1.30 The value of the gas is based primarily on its heating value. Composition of flared gas is important for assessing its economic value and for matching it with suitable process or disposal. For example, for transport in the upstream pipeline network, the key consideration is the H2S content of the gas. Gas is considered sour if it contains 10 mol/kmol H2S or more [13]. 3. Environmental impacts Gas flaring is one of the most challenging energy and environmental problems facing the world today. Environmental consequences associated with gas flaring have a considerable impact on local populations, often resulting in severe health issues. Generally, gas flaring is normally visible and emitted both noise and heat. Ghadyanlou and Vatani [1] calculated thePDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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