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E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 537 when NOx reacts with O2 in the air, the result is ground-level ozone which has very nega- tive effects on the respiratory system and can cause inflammation of the airways, lung cancer etc. 4. Gas flaring measurement techniques Lack of monitoring equipment and limited oversight make it difficult to quantify the amount of gas flaring around the world. For example, about half of the flares have flow monitors in some regions of Russia [30]. In addition, many countries do not publicly report gas flaring volu- mes, leading to significant uncertainty regarding the magnitude of the problem [31]. Therefore, it may be in the producers or governments interest to limit access to data on gas flaring levels. Much of the official information on the amount of gas flaring comes from environmental minis- tries or statistical agencies within various governments. However, during the last decade, increased use of military satellites and sophisticated computer programs has been used to measure gas flaring. These efforts seek to correlate light observations with intensity measures and flare volumes to produce credible estimates of global gas flaring levels. Enhancement the reliability, completeness and accuracy of flare data is expected to improve flare reduction activities and investments. Recently, an increased has been awareness by several countries worldwide towards emissions monitoring, measurement and reduction for both environmental and economical reasons. Furthermore, data improvements at the country level will support efforts of the Global Gas Flare Reduction (GGFR) Partnership to enhance the quality of data on flare and vent volumes at the global level [23]. The World Bank esti- mates that between 150 to 170 billion m3 of gases are flared or vented annually, an amount worth approximately $ 30.6 billion, equivalent to 25 % of the United States’ gas consum- ption or 30 % of the European Union’s gas consumption per year [2-3,32-33]. The EPA esti- mates that the cost of compliance will rise to $ 754 million/year by 2015 for gas wells alone [34]. Geographic shows that a small number of countries contribute the most to global flaring emissions. At the end of 2011, 10 countries accounted for 72 % of the flaring, and twenty for 86 % [8]. In 2012 Russia and Nigeria accounted for about 40 % of global flaring [35]. Major flaring countries around the world are shown on Figure 2 [35]. Figure 2 Top 20 gas flaring countries (NOAA satellite data) [35]PDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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