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E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 539 to the knock-out drum and consideration should be given to insulating and heat tracing the line. Monitoring records, should be kept for at least 5 years. These records should be included the flow measurement data, hours the monitor during operation, and all servicing and cali- bration records. Periods of missed monitoring should be limited to 15 consecutive days and no more than 30 days per year. Flow verification, where verifiable flaring rate is desired, the systems should be designed or modified to accommodate secondary flow measurements to allow an independent check of the primary flow meter while in active service. Flow test methods, may be considered for making spot checks or determinations of flows in flare header. Non-clogging, non-fouling, no moving parts design for lowest maintenance. Stainless steel wetted parts and optional stainless steel process connections and enclosure housings. Offshore platforms corrosive salt water, may require use of stainless steel on all exposed instrument materials, including sensors, process connections and enclosures. Agency approvals for installation in hazardous locations, in environments with potential hazar- dous gases; enclosure only ratings are inadequate (and risky). Compliance with local environmental regulations, meet performance and calibration procedu- res mandated such as US EPA’s 10 CFR 40; 40 CFR 98; EU Directive 2007/589/EC; US MMR 30 CFR Part 250 and others. 4.3 Measurement technologies The flow meters are designed to confirm for very low flow measurement to detect the small- est of leaks and up to measure major upset conditions accurately at very high flows [34,42]. There are multiple air-gas flow measurement technologies to choose from. For example, some flow meter technologies are better at measuring liquids than air or gases. The accuracy of some flow meters is influenced by heat and some sensor technologies are temperature-com- pensated to maintain accuracy. Moving parts are acceptable in some operating environments and in other environments they can require high levels of maintenance or repair or replace- ment [42]. A listing of the main flow meter measurement options and a qualitative ratings is given in Table 4 [23,41]. The best choice will depend on the specific circumstances and application requirements. For existing flares it may be appropriate to first perform a manual measurement or estimation of the flow rate to assess the requirements of a permanent flow measurement system. For new applications, this approach may prove more expensive as installing equipment at a later stage is normally costly [23]. Mostly gas flaring will be wet and potentially dirty. The measurement technology will either need to be composition independent or easily corrected for variations in the gas composition, at facilities where gas processing is being performed or the produced gas is being supplied by a variety of sources having differing compositions. In the case of the correction with varia- tions in the gas composition, regular gas analyses may need to be performed. The cost of installing a flow meter, the ability to do so without requiring a facility shutdown and the ongoing calibration requirements will also be important considerations. The cost of running electric power and communications wiring to an instrument was a major consideration; however, the use of solar panels and wireless connections to data acquisition systems may now be consi- dered in these situations. Measurement technologies that do not require electric power and only provide local readout are also an option. Varying gas composition, large pipe diameters, high flow velocities over wide measuring ranges, low pressure, dirt, wax, acid gases and condensate are many challenges when trying to measure gas flaring. For these reasons, traditional technologies such as insertion turbine meters, averaging pitot tubes, and thermal mass meters fall short of being an acceptable solu- tion. Also, changing gas composition had no affect on ultrasonic meters, but the differentialPDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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