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E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 540 meters were affected due to the square root calculation, and thermal meters influenced by the heating properties of the gas [32]. Ultrasonic technology was developed for flare gas measu- rement back in the early 1980s by Panametrics in collaboration with Exxon in Baytown, TX. Today ultrasonic flow meters are the industry standard for gas flaring measurement with more than 3000 installations worldwide in different plants at on- and offshore platforms [43-44]. Table 4 The main types of flow meter technologies for flare gas measurement in industry [23, 41] Flow meter Characteristics Category Type Inline Differential pressure meter Common style: orifice meters venturi meters annubars - high tolerate of wet or dirty gas - high calibration frequency - high flow capacity - high accuracy, from ±1 to ±5 % of full scale - no electric power required - rugged design - low rangeability - limited operating range - flow resistance - composition dependent - no moving parts, maintenance can be intensive - high installed costs Inline Vortex shedding - moderate tolerate of wet or dirty gas - composition independent - moderate flow capacity - moderate rangeability (in the range 30:1) - accuracy, within ±2 % under ideal conditions - low-pressure drops - no moving parts - low calibration frequency - high installed costs - electric power required - not suited with low flow velocity (or where Reynolds number < 5000) Insertion Insertion (velocity probe), Common style: -thermal anemometer - micro-tip anemometer - Pitot tubes - none to low tolerate of wet or dirty gas - low to moderate calibration frequency - composition dependent - moderate to high flow capacity - very low to high rangeability - moderate accuracy, from ±1 to ±3 % - electric power required (Pitot tubes, no required) Inline Transit-time ultrasonic - moderate tolerate of wet or dirty gas - composition independent - high flow capacity - high rangeability (in the range 2000:1) - high accuracy, within ±2 % - low calibration frequency - electric power required - no internal parts that can drift and cause inherent errors Insertion (large diameter lines (> 6 inch) Optical - moderate tolerate of wet or dirty gas - composition independent - high flow capacity - high rangeability (in the range 2000:1) - high accuracy, within 2.5% to 7% - low calibration frequency - electric power required Inline Inline Positive displacement meters "Bellows (or Diaphragm)" - none tolerate of wet or dirty gas - composition independent - low flow capacity - moderate rangeability (in the range 200:1) - very high accuracy - low calibration frequency - no electric power requiredPDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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