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E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 543 Rahimpour and Jokar [16] compared three methods for recovering the flared gas of Farashband gas processing plant in Iran. These methods are GTL production, electricity generation with a gas turbine and compression and injection into the refinery pipelines. The results showed that the electricity production gives the highest rate of return (ROR), the lowest payback period, the highest annual profit and mild capital investment. With increasing awareness of the environmental impact and the ratification of the Kyoto protocol by most of the member countries, it is expected that gas flaring will not be allowed in the near future [6]. This will require significant changes in the current practices of oil and gas production and other processes [55]. As reported by the World Bank (2005), economic viability of flare gas recovery projects are constrained in many countries mainly due to high project development costs, lack of funding and lack of distribution infrastructure [56]. In Norway, several concepts and technologies of FGRS have been proven and extensively applied in offshore oil-gas production fields [57]. For example, the gas flaring is pumped back down into the reservoir, to maintain the pressure and flow rate of the oil being produced in the Oseberg field in Norway [2]. By reinjection the flared gas in the oil production industry, they are able to recover much higher percentage of oil than if they were to simply inject water for example [58]. Qatargas company has made significant progress flaring from its LNG trains in line with the increased national focus on flare minimization and the company`s desire to reduce its emis- sions and carbon footprint [59]. Enhanced acid gas recovery and operational excellence initia- tives on source reduction and plant reliability at Qatargas` older, conventional LNG trains have successfully reduced flaring by more than 70 % between 2004 and 2011 [59]. A summary of Qatargas engineering projects and their expected flare reductions and implementation time- lines is provided in Figure 3 [59]. Figure 3 Summary of Qatargas flare reduction projects [39] In Nigeria several efforts have been made to reduce gas flaring, including the establishment of a liquefied natural gas plant, a pipeline to transport gas to some neighbouring countries, and legislative measures to regulate the oil and gas industry [60]. According to Al-Blaies, Nige- ria flared a total of 15.2 billion m3 of gas in 2010, the second largest in the world [61]. When compared with the quantity of gas flared in 2005 there is about 29 % decrease in gas flaring in Nigeria, mainly due to the implementation of some flare reduction projects [60-61]. Even then, the quantity of gas flared in Nigeria is still substantive, and as at 2010, the countryPDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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