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E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 545 based on the inlet flare gas pressure. This ensures that the flare header is under positive pressure at all times. In the event that the flow capacity of the FGRS is exceeded, the liquid seal vessel will allow the excess waste gas to go to the flare where it is safely burned [10]. Based on refinery structure or related unit, the compressed gases used as a feed or fuel. If required, to reach entrance gas temperature to FGRS and external gas temperature from this unit to an optional temperature, heat exchangers are used. Figure 5 A view of a flare gas recovery system [48] The compressor is the main part of the FGRS. The most suitable compressor design for FGRS depends on many factors such as initial cost, process requirements, physical size, effi- ciency, operating and maintenance requirements [49,68,69]. Over the last 35 years several compressor types including dry screw compressors (DSC), sliding vane compressors (SVC), reciprocating compressors (RC), liquid ring compressors (LRC) and oil injected (or oil flooded) screw compressors (FSC) both single and dual screw designs are used [6]. In general, LRC or RC are used to compress gases and to design FGRS. Advantage of LRC is that gas is cooled during compression by heat transfer of gas through fluid inside compressor (usually water). It is possible to use amine instead of water in such compressor to separate H2S from flare gases [7]. LRC are also used because the design of the compressor can process two-phase flow that commonly exists in flare headers [10,69]. RC are purchased easily than LRC, also spare parts provision, repair and maintenance is much easier. If using RC, but it will explode if tempe- rature exceeds over allowable limit [6,69,70]. FGRS are seldom sized for emergency flare loads. FGRS often are installed to comply with local regulatory limits on flare operation and, therefore, must be sized to conform to any such limits. The normal flare loads vary widely depending on the plants throughput and operating mode. To enable recovery of over 90 % of the total annual flare load and keep flaring to a practical minimum, the compression facilities should be designed to handle about 2 to 3 times the average normal flare load. In other plants, such as chemical plants, may have lower normal variation in flare rates [6]. For this reason, the installations may be sized for a lower flow range. The composition of the flared gas is the strongest influence parameter on the FGRS. In general, changes in molecular weight in the gas stream going to the FGRS can generate the potential for overloading the compressor, leading to possible damage and a large increase in the specific heat ratio. Changing in molecular weight can also increase the gas discharge tempe- rature after compression [1]. Generally, if the variation in the gas composition remains within the ranges specified in the data-sheet, the compressor performance can be achieved [71]. FGRS significantly reduced the GHG emissions from the different industries, and the harmful impacts normally associated with flaring. Duck [10] reported that about 60 MMBTU/hr of flarePDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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