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E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 548 T synthesis using cobalt as catalyst was studied [79,86]. The steady state CO conversion was over 70 % and selectivity to methane was under 10 % [79]. The reactor operated steadily and had minimal change in conversion level even after 1,100 hr of operation [79]. Branco et. al. [87] estimated that total emissions from an offshore microchannel GTL plant in Brazil. The results showed that this plant allows the production of low-sulfur diesel, reducing gas flaring and co-producing high-quality naphtha, additionally, an average of $ 37.00 per tCO2e reduced. Knutsen [88] investigated the simulation of operational performance and optimization of a GTL plant based on autothermal reforming and a multi tubular fixed bed reactor together with a cobalt catalyst. The economics optimized process was found to produce of syn-crude with a carbon efficiency of about 77 % and thermal efficiency of about 62 %. Ultimately a production cost of $ 16.10 per bbl and revenue of $ 59.89 per bbl was obtained. With current crude oil price at $ 98.90 per bbl it indicates a good economical environment for the GTL process. Rahimpour et. al. [89] compared the performance of the two cascading membrane dual- type reactors in the form of fluidized-bed and fixed-bed for F-T synthesis. According to the results, fluidized-bed reactor is superior to fixed-bed reactor for F-T synthesis in GTL techno- logy owing to achieving 5.3 % increase in the gasoline yield and 12 % decrease in CO2 yield, in addition, excellent temperature control and a small pressure drop and consequently higher gasoline yield and lower CO2 yield. 5.3 Electricity production Power is a basic part of nature and it is one of the most widely used forms of energy. It is as a secondary energy source, from the conversion of many sources of energy such as coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources. Natural gas was produced about 16 % of the power [90]. To be reduce the thermal emissions from several industry, such as petrochemicals, industrial gases, synthetic organic fibers, and agricultural chemicals, in which high-temperature exhaust is released that could be recovered for power generation [91]. The other method for FGRS is the conversion of flare gas as a primary source into electricity. An electric power station uses a turbine, engine, water wheel or other similar machines to drive an electric generator. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) to mechanical energy. Gas turbines are commonly used when power utility usage is at a high demand [90]. Gas flaring can be burned to produce hot combustion gases that pass directly through a turbine, spinning the blades of the turbine to generate power. Electricity generation with a gas turbine provides 25 MW electricity from the 4.176 MMSCFD of gas flared from the Farashband gas refinery in Iran [16]. Gas flaring can also be used to produce electricity in gas-fired turbines called “microturbines”, to be an energy source to provide power for industry operations, like pumping, compression machines and gas processing. The electricity can even be sold, if they do not need all of it [92]. Two scenarios is described the electrical power generation by use of flared gas [93]. Gas turbine working in a simple Brayton cycle is a simulation of power generation in the first scenario. In the second scenario, cooling inlet air of a simple cycle of gas turbine by Fog method is added to improve the efficiency. Heydari et. al. [93] compared the two scenarios from both technical and economical point of view. The results indicate that, the power gene- ration has a better situation in the second scenario, but the first one is more economically justified. The power generation in the first and second scenario are 38.5 MW and 40.25 MW respectively, while payback periods are 3.32 and 3.48 years. It should be also mentioned that, in order to increase the fuel pressure from 6 bar to 23.7 bar, a compressor with an efficiency of 90 % is used. There are other cycles to generate power. Steam Rankine Cycle (SRC), the most commonly used system for power generation from waste heat involves using the heat to generate steam in a waste heat boiler, which then drives a steam turbine [91]. Steam turbines are one of the oldest and most versatile prime mover technologies. Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC), other working fluids, with better efficiencies at lower heat source temperatures, are used in ORC heat engines. ORCs use an organic working fluid that has a lower boiling point, higher vaporPDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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