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E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 550 but still contains some sulfur, it is sold and burned by the consumers. Either way, the sulfur will contaminate and pollute the environment, creating acid rain and other problems, like supporting reactions that deplete the ozone in the stratosphere [102]. Reducing acid gas flaring was a high priority. Tengizchevroil (TCO) company [103] implemented and automated proce- dure to address this problem. The gas treatment process is a selective chemical absorption of H2S, carbonyl sulfide and CO2 from the sour gas streams by diethanolamine. On the other hand, one of the newest technologies being used is bacteria that remove the sulfur from low volumes of sour gas [92]. The sulfur bacteria create a sustainable process that remove the sulfur compounds under highly alkaline and oxygen-limited conditions. Byproducts from the sulfate and thiosulfate will then be removed from the stream before being disposed of. This is also done by bacteria, but different ones, that remove sulfate and thiosulfate [102]. Where venting was a problem, companies would perform repairs and maintenance of the pipelines, but through new methods the flaring and venting have been cut down to nearly zero. An example of these methods is “hot tapping”, which is a method used to prevent venting of natural gas when connecting pipelines [2]. Hot tapping makes it possible to work on a live system, such as pipes and pressure vessels without having to vent or shut down operations. Example of “hot tapping” vessel is shown on Figure 6 [2]. Figure 6. Hot tapping [16] Rao et. al. [33] reported that by adopting new technologies of advanced process control with automation of steam control system, black carbon or soot from flare stacks can be mini- mized and save human being health from dangerous particulate matter emission from sooty flares. This automatic control system keeps always zero soot formation from the flare stack in any emergency situation. Using some new environmentally friendly technologies reduces flare emissions and the loss of salable liquid petroleum products to the fuel gas system. New waste heat refrigeration units are useful for using low temperature waste heat to achieve sub-zero refrigeration temperatures with the capability of dual temperature loads in a refinery setting. These systems are applied to the refinery’s fuel gas makeup streams to condense salable liquid hydrocarbon products [104].PDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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