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E. A. Emam/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 532-555, 2015 551 6. Conclusions Gas flaring is one of the most environmental problems through greenhouse gases and other emissions. These emissions have high global warming potential and contribute to cli- mate change. Measurement of flared gas and its emissions are very important and has been very challenging. Several types of flow meter are used for measuring flared gas, however, ultrasonic flow meters are the industry standard for flared gas measurement with more than 3000 installations worldwide in different process plants. Flare gas reduction and recovery has high priority as it meets both environmental and economic efficiency objectives. There are many types of FGRS in industry such as gas collection and compression, gas-to-liquid, and generating electricity. FGRS have been impeded by a number of technical challenges, such as a combination of highly variable flow rates and composition, low heating value and low pressure of the waste gases. The gas collection and compression into pipelines for proce- ssing and sale is a well-established and proven approach to mitigating flaring and venting. According to environmental and economical considerations, FGRS have increased to reduce noise and thermal radiation, operating and maintenance costs, air pollution and gas emission and reduces fuel gas and steam consumption. References [1] Ghadyanlou, F.; Vatani, A.: Chemical Engineering, Essentials for the CPI Professional. 2015, chemengonline.com. [2] Andersen, R.D.; Assembayev, D.V.; Bilalov, R.; Duissenov, D.; Shutemov, D.: TPG 4140 – Natural Gas, Trondheim, Nov. 2012. [3] Abdulrahman, A.O.; Huisingh, D.; Hafkamp, W.: Journal of Cleaner Production 2015, 98, 116-122. [4] Deo, V.; Gupta, A.K.; Asija, N.; Kumar, A.; Rai, R.: 31 Oct.-3 Nov., New Delhi, India, Paper ID : 20100584, Petrotech-2010. [5] Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, Flaring & venting, Retrieved Oct. 10, 2012, Available at: http://www.capp.ca/environmentCommunity/airClimateChange/Pages/FlaringVenting.aspx [6] Sangsaraki, M.E.; Anajafi, E.: International Conference on Chemical, Food and Envi- ronment Engineering (ICCFEE'15), Dubai (UAE), Jan. 11-12, 2015. [7] Peterson, J.; Cooper, H.; Baukal, C.: Hydrocarbon processing, 2007, 111-115. [8] Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Gas flare, Oct. 25, 2012. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_flare [9] Gzar, H.A.; Kseer, K.M.: Journal of Al-Nahrain University, 2009, 12(4), 38-57. [10] Duck, B.: Hydrocarbon World, 2011, 6(1), 42-45. [11] SENES Consultants Limited. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2012, 25 from The Science and Community Environmental Knowledge (SCEK), (May 2007). Available at: http://scek.ca/documents/scek/Final_Reports/RA%202006-08%20Sour%20Gas% 20Final%20Report-May%2017_%202007.pdf [12] United States Enviromental Protection Agency, Industrial Flares, Retrieved Oct. 13, 2012, from United States Enviromental Protection Agency. (Sep. 1991). Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch13/final/c13s05.pdf [13] Johnson, M.R.; Coderre, A.R.: Canada, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 2012, 8, 121–131. [14] AndalibMoghadam, S.H.: 1st Professional Iranian environmental conference, Environmental department of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. 2007, 51, 76-82. [15] Abdulhakeem S.O.; Chinevu, A.: SPE-170211-MS, 2014, Sep. 15-17. [16] Rahimpour, M.R.; Jokar, S.M.: Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012, 204-217. [17] Manshaa, M.; Saleemia, A.R.; Javeda, S.H.; Ghaurib, B.M.: J. Nat. Gas Chem., 2010, 19(5), 539–547. [18] Wilk, M.; Magdziarz, A.: Polish J. of Environ. Stud., 2010, 19(6), 1331-1336.PDF Image | GAS FLARING IN INDUSTRY
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