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19 Page 2 of 9 Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. (2020)6:19 increased to * 2 ppm/year (Singh et al. 2016). Therefore, for sustainable development, there is an urgent need of increasing the share of energy from renewable sources in our energy matrix. Among various renewable energy sources, large reserves of geothermal energy can be considered to take the base load and has less environmental impact. As compared to other renewable energy sources, e.g. solar, wind etc., geothermal energy has higher efficiency, low maintenance cost, and low carbon footprint. Installed capacity of geothermal electricity worldwide is reported to be 12,633.1 MWe till the year 2015 and is continuously increasing (Bertani 2015; Singh et al. 2016). Geothermal power in the 20th century were gener- ated from the high temperature fluids mostly steam dominated system, e.g. the Geyers, USA and the Karfla, Iceland (DiPippo 2008). But, with the tech- nology advancement, it is now possible to generate power from the low-temperature geothermal system, using binary power plant (Chandrasekharam and Bundschuh 2008; Johnson and Walker 2010). In spite of favorable geological conditions, drilling cost of geothermal wells hinders the exploitation of geothermal energy resources. On the other hand, oil and gas reservoir have hydrocarbons as well as water naturally occurs in the pore spaces. As compared to the gas reservoir, the oil reservoir contains a large amount of water due to the higher compressibility and sorption capacity of gas (Amyx et al. 1960; Guerra et al. 2011). Thus, many abandoned oil and gas wells are sur- rounded by hot water, which can be exploited for geothermal resource development. According to the formation theory of hydrocarbon, sedimentary basins are rich in geothermal resources (Ho ̈ o ̈ k et al. 2010) and produce fluids at the temperature range between 65 and 150 °C (Liu et al. 2018). There are numbers of hydrocarbon wells drilled in the world for hydrocar- bon exploration, but many are abandoned due to economic feasibility (Bu et al. 2012; Cheng et al. 2014). The drilling process already completed in these fields, if we use those abandoned well for the exploration of geothermal energy, thus, it may help to acquire low CO2 emission renewable energy (Bu et al. 2012). Therefore, existing wells, drilled reser- voirs, the production system and other existing infrastructural facility in such hydrocarbon fields can potentially reduce a significant amount of capital cost for the establishment of a geothermal power plant. 2 CO2 emission by India The world energy consumption increased by 2.3% in 2018, which almost twice the average growth rate since 2010 (IEA 2019). This rise is reinforced by the consumption of fossil fuels in a thermal power plant. India is the largest growing economy with the growth rate of about 7%, therefore, need a huge demand for fossil fuel to meet the energy demand (IEA 2019). With the increase in energy demand and industrial- ization, the global CO2 emission rose by 1.7% and reached to the historic value of 33.1 GtCO2 (IEA 2019). The major portion of CO2 emissions is recorded from the power generation, especially from the coal- based thermal power plant. Although, India is pro- moting renewable power production (* 19% of total power generation, Fig. 1) still a major portion of electricity generation is controlled by the fossil-based thermal power plant (65.6% of total power genera- tion). The power generation from coal-based thermal power plant till December 2017 is 192971.5 MWe which is approximate * 58% of total power gener- ation (Fig. 1) (MOP 2018). Therefore, due to the heavy dependence on the coal-based thermal power plant, the carbon intensity of the Indian power sector increases up to 791 gCO2/kWh (IEA 2015b). On the other hand, the average carbon intensity of world is 522 gCO2/kWh (IEA 2015b). However, per capita, CO2 emission of India is 1.7 metric tons in 2014 (http://data.worldbak.org, last visited on 27 July 19). India has great potential for renewables, and it can be utilized for the reduction of CO2 emission. Anandarajah and Gambhir (2014) proposed a multi- regional global energy system model, known as TIAM-UCL, suggesting that with the adaptation of low carbon renewable energy source, India can reduce per-capita CO2 emission of 1.3 tCO2 by 2050. On the other hand, ARET (Accelerated Renewable Energy Technology) model suggest that the with the rise of 36% of renewable share in power generation will help to reduce CO2 emission up to 74% by 2050 (Kumar and Madlener 2016). Therefore, with the help of renewable power generation, India can meet the 2 °C target (Gadre and Anandarajah 2019). 123PDF Image | Geothermal energy potential of Indian oilfields
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