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Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. (2020)6:19 Page 3 of 9 19 Fig. 1 Power generation share of India in different resources data source (MOP 2018) 3 Indian oilfields There are several abandoned wells present in different petroliferous basins across India that were drilled for hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. Many of these wells are dry holes that never encountered or produced hydrocarbons, but have sufficient amount of downhole heat energy. Therefore, the drilling cost can be saved or reduced by transforming these abandoned wells into geothermal wells. This type of transforma- tion also reduces the safety risk while drilling. Hence, utilization of abandoned HPHT (high-pressure and high-temperature) hydrocarbon wells may become an innovative way to exploit geothermal energy. Energy obtained from this type of wells may be categorized into medium- to low- enthalpy resources, which can be exploited for power generation by using ORC (Or- ganic Rankine Cycle) power plant (Chandrasekharam and Bundschuh 2008). Therefore, India can utilize its oilfields for extracting geothermal resources. In this study, the focus is only on the Category-I (those with proven commercial productivity) type hydrocarbon fields (Fig. 2). A brief discussion of the selected oilfields is provided below: 3.1 Assam basin The Assam Basin is located in the northeastern part of India (Fig. 2). It covers an area of 74000 sq. km with three major tectonic elements viz. (1) Assam Shelf, (2) Naga Schuppen Belt, and (3) Assam-Arakan Fold Belt (Wandrey 2004). Most of the hydrocarbon discovery in this area is associated with Barail and Tipam Group (Wandrey 2004). Several wells, depths ranging from 2450 to 4250 m, have been drilled by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) and Oil India Limited (OIL) in this region and encountered the hydrocarbon reservoirs with temperature ranging from 60 to 116 °C (Talukdar and Gogoi 2015). Further- more, Assam Basin has an average heat flow value of 61 mW/m2 (Gupta 1982). 3.2 Krishna-Godavari basin Krishna Godavari (KG) Basin is located in the eastern continental margin of India (Fig. 2). It covers an area of 15,000 sq. km onland and 25,000 sq. km offshore with the sediment thickness around 5 km (NDR 2015). Several wells have been drilled to varying depths in this field for hydrocarbon exploration and develop- ment. Variation in the geothermal gradient with depth is encountered in the basin. Shallow depths have geothermal gradient of 32 °C/km, while deeper depths have geothermal gradient of 36 °C/km. The maximum temperature of 205 °C was encountered at a depth of 4,845 m. Godavari valley is also characterized by the high heat flow value ranging from 63 to 104 mW/m2 with an average value of 82 mW/m2 (Gupta 1982). 123PDF Image | Geothermal energy potential of Indian oilfields
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