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19 Page 6 of 9 Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. (2020)6:19 emission power (Gong et al. 2011; Johnson and Walker 2010; Liu et al. 2018). 5.2 In-situ combustion as a geothermal resource In this section, a novel approach for geothermal energy exploitation from the heavy, brown, fields and abandoned fields has been proposed. In-situ combus- tion (ISC), also known as fire flooding, is the oldest method of the thermal recovery of oil and increased oil production in oil fields (Kuhn and Koch 1953). Heat is generated within the reservoir by igniting the crude with injected air or any suitable oxidizing gas into the formation (Sarathi 1999). The burning front moves within the reservoir and oil is driven towards the producer by a gas drive (combustion gases) and/or a water drive (water of combustion and re-condensed formation water) (Fig. 4). In-situ combustion is mainly divided into two types. 1. Dry combustion: In this process, oxygen-rich air is pumped initially for few days into the formation through injection well. Hydrocarbon in the for- mation is then ignited using the downhole gas burners or electric heaters or a pyrophoric agent (such as linseed oil) or a hot fluid such as steam. Once the ignition process started, the combustion front is maintained by a continuous airflow. During the ISC process, multiple zones are heated in the hydrocarbon reservoir between the injection and production wells (Fig. 4). These zones are created by the heat, mass transport and the chemical reactions that occurred in the combus- tion process. Starting from the injection well, the zones represented in Fig. 4 are the burned zone: adjacent to the injection well where the combus- tion had already taken place, since the oxygen-rich air is continuous influx in this zone, therefore, the temperature in the burned zone increases from the surrounding formation near the injector. The combustion zone is where reaction between fuel and oxygen takes place with the very narrow region in the formation (Fig. 4) where high- temperature oxidation takes place and therefore produce combustion gases and primary water. The cooking zone is the high-temperature zone created by combustion process and formation of lighter component of the crude. The lighter end member is transported downstream by combustion gas and Fig. 3 Schematic of downhole heat exchanger in the single well (Bu et al. 2012; Davis and Michaelides 2009) re-injection (Bu et al. 2012; Davis and Michaelides 2009). In this section, only double-pipe heat exchan- ger has been discussed because it is much advance technique, as compared to U-tube heat exchanger. The benefit of double-pipe heat exchanger are: high surface area for heat exchange and high volume of fluid through which heat exchange (Templeton et al. 2014). The double pipe heat exchanger consists of two pipes extended from bottom of the well to the surface. The inner pipe is enveloped with the insulated material to prevent heat transfer. The annulus channel ‘1’ and ‘2’ between the outer and inner pipe for fluid extraction represents the production and injection wells respectively (Fig. 3). The double-pipe heat exchange for abandoned well are different from the conventional geothermal system. In this type of system, the circulating fluid doesn’t interact with the surrounding rock, therefore, only heat transfer occurs without mass transfer. While in the conventional geothermal system, the fluid is extracted from the rock formation. The extracted fluid can directly supply to ORC geothermal power plant to generate low CO2 123PDF Image | Geothermal energy potential of Indian oilfields
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