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Fig. 5. Geothermal power plant process flow diagram, showing direct contact condenser and hybrid ejector/vacuum pump gas removal system. Steam is supplied from the flash separation process at a single pressure. Steam exiting the turbine is condensed in a direct contact condenser, supplied with cold water from a cross-flow cooling tower. The condensed steam and the cooling water are returned to the cooling tower. Brine, condensate, and cooling tower blow-down are injected back into the geothermal reservoir. ment began in the U.S. in the 1920s with shallow drilling and a 0.25 MW power plant for local use at The Geysers in California. Further development began in the 1950s when deeper and more extensive drilling at The Geysers developed steam for the first commercial geothermal power plant in the U.S.(1960:PG&EUnit-1:12.5MW .)Geothermalcapacity grew steadily through the 1960s and 1970s and into the early 1980s, primarily at The Geysers. Then following the 1979 energy crisis, with the availability of long term power sales contracts, geothermal fields were developed in California, Nevada, Utah, and Hawaii beginning in the 1980s. The U.S. installed capacity peaked in the early-1990s at more than 2800 MW . Braun and McCluer [12] described the status of the industry at that time. Since then the retirement of older and underutilized plants has resulted in a reduction in capacity. The only new geothermal developments that have been completed in the U.S. since 1993 are in the Imperial Valley in California. All U.S. geothermal development is in western states where widespread faulting and young volcanism are found. California is the state with the highest geothermal capacity (2294 MW ), followed by Nevada (196 MW ), Utah (31 MW ), and Hawaii (25 MW ). The Geysers, which is a vapor-dominated system, is the largest field in the U.S. and represents about half the U.S. total capacity. The Salton Sea and Coso fields in Southern California, with capacities of 267 and 260 MW respectively, are next in size. Additional 1788 smaller fields of 100 MW are distributed through Eastern California, Northern Nevada, Central Utah, and the big island of Hawaii. VII. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE The first geothermal power development in the world was in Larderello, Italy in 1904 (0.015 MW ). This development was upgraded to 0.25 MW in 1913, but it wasn’t until 1938 that modern commercial development began with an expansion to 69 MW . The field was subsequently expanded during the 1950s and 1960s and then upgraded in the 1980s and 1990s to its current 547 MW . The next significant geothermal development was at the Wairakei field in New Zealand, that was first brought online in 1958. Following this pioneering work in Italy and New Zealand, additional large-scale international geothermal developments came online in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s in Japan, Mexico, and The Philippines. The 1990s saw continued expansion of capacity in The Philippines, Mexico, and significant growth in Indonesia. In 1999, geothermal power was generated in 21 countries from 85 sites, with 94% of the total from eight countries. These eight largest producers are U.S. (31%), Philippines (19%), Mexico (12%), Indonesia (9%), Italy (9%), Japan (7%), New Zealand (5%), Iceland (2%). Seventy-five percent of the worldwide total is produced PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 89, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2001 Authorized licensed use limited to: National United University. Downloaded on October 10, 2009 at 14:17 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.PDF Image | Geothermal Power Technology
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