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Hi Temp Thermochemical Energy Storage via Solid Gas Reactions

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Hi Temp Thermochemical Energy Storage via Solid Gas Reactions ( hi-temp-thermochemical-energy-storage-via-solid-gas-reaction )

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Energies 2020, 13, 5859 3 of 23 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 24 FiguFirgeu2r.eF2lo. wFlodwiagdriamgramndaonpdeorapteinragtipnrginpcriipnlceipoflethoefrtmheorcmhoemchiecmaliecnaleregnyersgtyorsatgoerasgyestseymsteinmteignrtaetgerdated withwistohlasrotlahrerthmearlmpaolwpeorwpelranptlafnotr fcornctoinutionusopuoswpoerwperopdruocdtuiocnti.on. In contrast to other energy storage systems including sensible and/or latent energy storage, In contrast to other energy storage systems including sensible and/or latent energy storage, thermochemical storage offers the possibility of high energy densities in the form of chemical bonds as thermochemical storage offers the possibility of high energy densities in the form of chemical bonds well as long-term storage and long-range transport in the form of stable and safe materials (Table 1). as well as long-term storage and long-range transport in the form of stable and safe materials (Table In addition, the operating conditions can be tuned in a wide range of temperatures and pressures 1). In addition, the operating conditions can be tuned in a wide range of temperatures and pressures depending on the used TCES system and involved chemical reactions, thus offering the possibility depending on the used TCES system and involved chemical reactions, thus offering the possibility of of being combined with various processes. In contrast to sensible or latent heat storage systems that being combined with various processes. In contrast to sensible or latent heat storage systems that have been developed and optimized, and are even commercially available and applied at large scale, have been developed and optimized, and are even commercially available and applied at large scale, thermochemical energy storage is a new research area in which many aspects are still unknown and are thermochemical energy storage is a new research area in which many aspects are still unknown and still to be discovered [2]. Research advances are thus needed for potential industrial implementation, are still to be discovered [2]. Research advances are thus needed for potential industrial while also taking into account the energy consumption by auxiliary equipment and feedstock cost that implementation, while also taking into account the energy consumption by auxiliary equipment and impact the system capital cost [3]. The main fields in which strong efforts are necessary to develop feedstock cost that impact the system capital cost [3]. The main fields in which strong efforts are practical TCES systems and bridge the gap from fundamental research to application are the discovery necessary to develop practical TCES systems and bridge the gap from fundamental research to of cost effective, abundant and affordable chemical materials with high energy densities, cycle stability application are the discovery of cost effective, abundant and affordable chemical materials with high and fast kinetics for heat storage and release [1]. Furthermore, additional research and technological energy densities, cycle stability and fast kinetics for heat storage and release [1]. Furthermore, developments are needed in the optimal design of heat storage-chemical reactor systems for maximum additional research and technological developments are needed in the optimal design of heat storage- heat transfer between the storage medium and the high temperature solar process, and the complete chemical reactor systems for maximum heat transfer between the storage medium and the high system integration in large scale plants (optimization of heat and mass flows, dynamic simulation temperature solar process, and the complete system integration in large scale plants (optimization of during transient events and fluctuating solar conditions, techno-economics, etc.) [4,5]. heat and mass flows, dynamic simulation during transient events and fluctuating solar conditions, This study reviews the most advanced and potentially attractive TCES systems currently under techno-economics, etc.) [4,5]. development (including hydroxides, carbonates, metals oxides redox pairs, perovskites) with emphasis onTtahbeleir1c.hCaormacptaeriissotnicosfftohrepmraicntiocpaltiiomnspfloermtheenrtmatailoenn,earngdysotnortahgeiursiunigtacbonilciteyntfroartepdostoelnartipalowapeprlication an(CdSiPn)t,eagdrapttieodnwinithsoplearrmpisrsoiocnesfsroemsf[o6r,7c],oEnltsienvuieoru,2s0o20p.eration.AcomprehensivescreeningofTCES systems based on solid–gas reversible reactions for high temperature solar thermal energy storage was Thermochemical Energy published by the authors in 2016 [8]. Since this date, much effort has been providedSitnoratgheis(TrCeEsSe)arch field Storage Type Sensible Heat Storage (SHS) Latent Heat Storage (LHT) Gravimetric energy toinvestigatethermoc~h0e.0m2–0i.c0a3lkWsyhs/ktgemsforconcentrate~0d.05s–o0l.1akrWehn/kegrgyapplications.~0S.5p–1ekcWiahl/kagttentionis density paid in this work to the active research developed in the most recent years by focusing on the latest Volumetric energy density ~50 kWh/m3 Charging step temperature Industrial scale Limited (Thermal loss) ~100 kWh/m3 Charging step temperature Pilot scale Limited (Thermal loss) ~500 kWh/m3 Room temperature Laboratory and pilot scale Theoretically unlimited advances in the field. Storage temperature Technology development Energy storage period

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