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Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2020, 13, 5859 4 of 24 Theoretical energy transport Very short distance Very short distance Very long distance Table 1. Comparison of the main options for thermal energy storage using concentrated solar power Technology c(oCmSpPle)x,itaydapted with permission from [6,7], Elsevier, 2020. Drawbacks Important thermal losses over time Large quantity of storage material Important thermal losses over time Corrosive materials Low heat Thermochemical Storage Type Sensible Heat Storage (SHS) Latent Heat Storage (LHT) Complex technique Simple Medium Complex Expensive investment cost (>100 km) 4 of 23 required conductivity Energy Storage (TCES) Gravimetric energy density ~0.05–0.1 kWh/kg ~50 kWh/m3 ~100 kWh/m3 ~500 kWh/m3 ~0.02–0.03 kWh/kg This study reviews the most advanced and potentially attractive TCES systems currently under Volumetric energy developmdensity(including hydroxides, carbonates, metals oxides redox pairs, perovskites) with application and integration in solar processes for continuous operation. A comprehensive screening scale of TCES systems based on solid–gas reversible reactions for high temperature solar thermal energy Energy storage period Limited (Thermal loss) Limited (Thermal loss) Theoretically unlimited Technology development Industrial scale Pilot scale Laboratory and pilot ~0.5–1 kWh/kg emphStaorsaigse toenmptehraetuirecharactCehrairsgtinicgsstfeop rtempprearcatuicreal implemCehnatragitnigosnte,patenmdpeorantutreheir suitaRboiolmitytemfoperraptuorteential storage was published by the authors in 2016 [8]. Since this date, much effort has been provided in Theoretical energy Very short distance Very short distance Very long distance this reseatrracnshpofriteld to investigate thermochemical systems for concentrated solar energ(>y10a0pkmp)lications. Special attention is paid in this work to the active research developed in the most recent years by Technology complexity Simple Medium Complex focusing on the latest advances in the field. Expensive investment cost Complex technique 2. TCES Systems Based on Hydroxides Important thermal losses over time Important thermal losses over time Corrosive materials Low heat conductivity Drawbacks Large quantity of storage material required 2. TCES Systems Based on Hydroxides Ca(OH)2/CaO has been demonstrated to date to be the most interesting studied thermochemical energy storage system based on metal hydroxides and has prompted tests in lab-scale reactors and Ca(OH)2/CaO has been demonstrated to date to be the most interesting studied thermochemical thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) (Equation (1), Figure 3) [3,7,9–13]. However, the enhancement of energy storage system based on metal hydroxides and has prompted tests in lab-scale reactors and material stability is required to reduce the sintering effect. Ca(OH)2 particles were shown to thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) (Equation (1), Figure 3) [3,7,9–13]. However, the enhancement agglomerate faster than CaO particles in the presence of H2O, and the presence of H2O would of material stability is required to reduce the sintering effect. Ca(OH)2 particles were shown to accelerate the agglomeration of CaO particles [14]. agglomerate faster than CaO particles in the presence of H2O, and the presence of H2O would accelerate the agglomeration of CaO particles [14]. CaO(s) + H2O(g) ⇄ Ca(OH)2(s) (ΔH° = −109.2 kJ/mol) CaO(s) + H2O(g) Ca(OH)2(s) (∆H◦ = −109.2 kJ/mol) (1) (1) Figure 3. TGA of CaO/Ca(OH)2 showing excellent reversibility during charge/discharge cycles under 2 ◦ 21moll%H2O(g)..CaaOwaassffiirrssttobttaiinedfromcalcinationofcommercialCaCO3 toCaOat850°Cunder 2 (g) 3 p pu ur re e A Ar r. . The rehydration step is slower than the dehydration step [15], and the hydration of CaO The rehydration step is slower than the dehydration step [15], and the hydration of CaO agglomerated lump proved to be more difficult than that of fresh particles, which hindered agglomerated lump proved to be more difficult than that of fresh particles, which hindered the the cycling stability of the material. Due to particle agglomeration, CaO/Ca(OH) powder bed 2 cycling stability of the material. Due to particle agglomeration, CaO/Ca(OH)2 powder bed and pellets and pellets used in packed bed reactors suffer from a loss in reactivity and a change in bulk used in packed bed reactors suffer from a loss in reactivity and a change in bulk volume. Powdered volume. Powdered Ca(OH) /CaO was recently evaluated under reactor conditions [16]. During the Ca(OH)2/CaO was recently evaluated under reactor conditions [16]. During the 2PDF Image | Hi Temp Thermochemical Energy Storage via Solid Gas Reactions
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