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Chapter 7 New Challenges While the major icing safety issue of the 1980s had centered on the ground de-icing problems of large transports, the 1990s saw the focus shift to inflight icing difficulties that were encountered by the smaller airplanes of the booming commuter aviation industry. The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 had provided the legal foundations for a sharp rise in short-haul traffic between large metropolitan areas. This had been followed by “code-sharing” agreements in the mid-1980s, under which commuter carriers acted as “feeders” for major airlines. As a result, passengers carried by the commuters had risen from 11 million in 1978 to 38 million in 1990.1 American Eagle, a feeder for American Airlines, had emerged during the 1980s as one of the larger commuters. Starting out in 1979 as Simmons Airlines, a small com- muter based in Marquette, Michigan, the company had concluded a code-sharing agreement with American Airlines in April 1986 and had begun flying as American Eagle. Two years later, Simmons was purchased by the parent company of American Airlines. By the early 1990s, American Eagle was a major airline in its own right, oper- ating a fleet of seventy-nine aircraft and flying to thirty cities from American Airlines’s Chicago hub and thirty-one cities from the parent’s Dallas-Fort Worth hub.2 Prominent in American Eagle’s fleet were forty-seven aircraft that had been built specifically for the commuter market by Avions de Transport Regional (ATR). Formed in 1980 by Aerospatiale of France and Aeritalia of Italy to jointly develop regional air- liners, ATR had first produced the model 42 in 1984. The ATR 42 was a twin-engine turboprop, with a T-tail and high straight wing that carried forty-six passengers and crew. 1 On the rise of the commuter industry, see R. E. G. Davies and I. E. Quastler, Commuter Airlines of the United States (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995). 2 “Aircraft Accident Report: In-Flight Icing Encounter and Loss of Control, Simmons Airlines, d.b.a. American Eagle Flight 4184, Avions de Transport Regional (ATR) Model 72-212, 31 October 1996,” NTSB/AAR-96/01, adopted 9 July 1996. 131PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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