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trustful of the shear rig measurements. “So,” he recalls, “we got the bright idea of applying silicone grease to the leading edge of an airfoil and testing it in the IRT.” The results, he found, “were wholly unexpected.” Ice quickly built up on the airfoil, being held in place by aerodynamic forces. After the test, it was possible to move the ice “with our little finger.” At this point, Reinmann concluded, “we lost faith in the concept of an ice-phobic for preventing ice buildup on an airfoil or an engine inlet.”9 Ice-phobics, nonetheless, continued to exert its powerful lure. By the early 1990s, Reinmann had become willing to look beyond the traditional sources for ice-phobic coatings and allow amateur inventors to test their products in the IRT. This program grew out of NASA’s outreach efforts, wherein NASA personnel would man booths at air shows, state fairs, and other public gatherings. It was not uncommon for the IRT people to be approached by individuals who claimed to have developed ice-phobic fluids, and Reinmann decided to give them a chance. The program would surely generate favorable publicity for NASA. And, who knows? Perhaps some did have the long-sought ice- phobic miracle liquid. He selected David N. Anderson, a talented engineer with a doctorate from the University of London, to supervise this effort. Initially, the evaluations of the coatings were simply intended to indicate if ice did or did not stick to the treated surface. One night about every six months, groups of indi- viduals—sometimes as many as three or four—were brought to Lewis to test their fluids in the IRT. The earliest tests often used aluminum plates or other samples supplied by the inventor and mounted in the tunnel while another experiment was in progress. Later, two aluminum poles were set up in the test section. The enthusiastic inventor was allowed to coat one of the poles with his fluid, while the other pole was left bare. The spray was then turned on to produce an icing cloud. A colorful group of individuals usually showed up for amateur night. One time, a former racecar driver appeared in a wheelchair. After his injury in an auto crash, he had developed coatings to reduce friction in racecar engines. The coatings may have worked in racecars, but they did not keep ice from sticking. Perhaps the most memorable of the amateurs was a dentist from California, who had developed a coating for children’s teeth. He arrived at the tunnel in shorts and sandals, causing raised eyebrows on the part of the staff both for the informality and inappropriateness of his dress for icing tests. He next produced a bottle of “magic fluid,” which he proceeded to rub on his teeth. After inviting the tunnel operators to feel how slippery it was, he confidently applied the liquid to the aluminum pole. He was crestfallen to see ice build up on it. None of the amateur-produced coatings proved viable. They would work well in a freezer, but super-cooled water droplets traveling at 100 miles per hour was a different The 1990s 9 Interview with Raymond G. Sotos by William M. Leary, 17 June 2000; Reinmann to Leary, 30 April 2001. 157PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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